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Related Concept Videos

Alzheimer's Disease: Overview01:26

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Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is a continually advancing neurodegenerative disorder, distinguished by escalating memory loss, cognitive dysfunction, and dementia. The disease unfolds in three stages: preclinical, mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and dementia. Its onset is insidious, and the progression gradual, with the cause not well explained by other disorders.
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Alzheimer's Disease (AD), a neurodegenerative disorder, is pathologically identified by amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles composed of tau protein. AD pharmacotherapy aims to manage cognitive symptoms, delay disease progression, and treat behavioral symptoms. The treatment is primarily symptomatic and palliative, with no definitive disease-modifying therapy available. Cholinesterase inhibitors, including donepezil (Aricept), rivastigmine (Exelon), and galantamine (Razadyne), are...
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Dementia01:30

Dementia

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Dementia is a collective term for cognitive disorders primarily affecting memory, thinking, and reasoning. It is not a specific disease but a syndrome, with Alzheimer's disease being the most common cause, accounting for approximately 60-80% of cases. Other types include vascular dementia, Lewy body dementia, and frontotemporal dementia. Dementia affects millions worldwide, particularly older adults, though it is not a normal part of aging.
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Parkinson's Disease: Overview01:15

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Neurodegenerative disorders are progressive diseases that cause irreversible damage and loss to neurons in specific brain areas. Examples of these disorders include Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, Multiple Sclerosis (MS), and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS). These disorders share characteristics such as proteinopathies, selective neuronal vulnerability, and a complex interplay between genetic and environmental factors. The primary therapeutic goal for these conditions is...
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Amyloid Fibrils03:03

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Amyloid fibrils are aggregates of misfolded proteins.  Under most circumstances, misfolded proteins are either refolded by chaperone proteins or degraded by the proteasome. However, in the case of a mutation or a disease, these proteins can accumulate to form large clusters and often further assemble to form elongated fibers, called fibrils. 
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Neurotransmitters are integral to the brain's communication system, enabling neurons to transmit signals across synapses. This chemical exchange underpins various cognitive functions, including memory processes. The role of neurotransmitters in memory is multifaceted, influencing the encoding, consolidation, and retrieval of memories through their action on different neural circuits.
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Hybrid PET/MRI Imaging of Alzheimer's Disease Based on 18F-AV-1451
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Alzheimer's disease.

Jose A Soria Lopez1, Hector M González1, Gabriel C Léger1

  • 1Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States; Shiley-Marcos Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States.

Handbook of Clinical Neurology
|November 23, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) involves cognitive decline and neuropathology, impacting memory and function. Current treatments offer modest relief, highlighting the urgent need for disease-modifying therapies for this common neurodegenerative dementia.

Keywords:
Alzheimer's diseaseAmnesticAmyloidBiomarkerDementiaMemoryMild cognitive impairmentNeurodegenerationSynaptic plasticity

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Neuroscience
  • Pathology

Background:

  • Alzheimer's disease (AD) dementia is characterized by progressive cognitive and functional decline.
  • First described in 1906, AD is the most prevalent neurodegenerative dementia in the United States.
  • It disproportionately affects minority populations, underscoring health disparities.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To define Alzheimer's disease (AD) dementia, including its clinical and neuropathological characteristics.
  • To review the evolution of diagnostic criteria, including preclinical stages identified by biomarkers.
  • To highlight the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying AD pathogenesis.

Main Methods:

  • Review of historical descriptions and modern clinical diagnostic criteria for AD dementia.
  • Examination of neuropathological definitions, including comorbid pathologies.
  • Analysis of molecular changes involving amyloid precursor protein (APP) and tau protein.

Main Results:

  • AD dementia involves memory encoding deficits and progressive cognitive and behavioral changes.
  • Key neuropathology includes amyloid-beta (Aβ) production and hyperphosphorylated tau aggregation.
  • Metabolic, vascular, and inflammatory factors, along with comorbid pathologies, contribute significantly to disease progression.

Conclusions:

  • Symptomatic treatments for AD dementia provide limited cognitive benefits.
  • There is a critical and unmet need for effective disease-modifying therapies for Alzheimer's disease.
  • Understanding the complex interplay of pathologies is crucial for developing future treatments.