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Updated: Jan 3, 2026

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High-Resolution Endocardial and Epicardial Optical Mapping in a Sheep Model of Stretch-Induced Atrial Fibrillation
Published on: July 29, 2011
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High-Resolution Imaging of LA Anatomy Using a Novel Wide-Band Dielectric Mapping System: First Clinical Experience.
Tilman Maurer1, Shibu Mathew1, Michael Schlüter2
1Department of Cardiology, Asklepios Klinik St. Georg, Hamburg, Germany.
JACC. Clinical Electrophysiology
|November 23, 2019
Summary
This study introduces the Kodex system for high-resolution cardiac imaging, demonstrating its potential for creating detailed left atrial anatomy images without extra procedures. The novel system shows promise for improved cardiac mapping during ablation procedures.
Area of Science:
- Electrophysiology
- Medical Imaging
- Cardiac Anatomy
Background:
- The wide-band dielectric mapping system Kodex has been recently introduced.
- Atrial fibrillation and left atrial tachycardia are common arrhythmias requiring ablation procedures.
Purpose of the Study:
- To present the first report of high-resolution cardiac anatomy imaging using the novel Kodex system.
- To evaluate the efficacy of the Kodex system in left atrial mapping compared to the CARTO 3 system.
Main Methods:
- 20 patients with symptomatic atrial fibrillation or left atrial tachycardia underwent simultaneous left atrial mapping using Kodex and CARTO 3 systems.
- Pulmonary vein angiograms were used as a reference to compare the craniocaudal dimensions of pulmonary vein ostia depicted by both systems.
Main Results:
- Complete left atrial imaging was achieved in a median of 9.7 minutes.
- Both Kodex and CARTO 3 measurements correlated well with fluoroscopy measurements (r=0.91 and r=0.95, respectively).
- Kodex measurements showed minimal underestimation compared to fluoroscopy, with limits of agreement of -5.72 and 5.64 mm.
Conclusions:
- The Kodex system has the potential to create computed tomography-like images of the left atrium.
- This novel system may eliminate the need for additional periprocedural imaging during ablation procedures.

