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Related Concept Videos

Plasticizers01:31

Plasticizers

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Water-reducers, or plasticizers, are chemical admixtures used in concrete to improve strength and workability. These additives reduce the water-cement ratio without compromising workability, lower the cement content while maintaining the same workability, or increase workability to assist concrete placement in inaccessible areas.
Plasticizers function by using surface-active agents to create repulsive electrostatic forces between cement particles. This dispersion enhances the concrete's...
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Plastic Behavior01:21

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A material's elastic behavior is characterized by the disappearance of stress once the load is removed, allowing the material to return to its original state. However, when stress surpasses the yield point, yielding commences, marking the onset of plastic deformation or permanent set. This change from elastic to plastic behavior is influenced by the peak stress value and the duration before the load is removed. An intriguing observation occurs when a specimen is loaded, unloaded, and...
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Plasticity is the property where an object loses its elasticity and undergoes irreversible deformation, even after the deformation forces are eliminated. If a material deforms irreversibly without increasing stress or load, then this is called ideal plasticity. For example, when a force is applied to an aluminum rod, it changes its shape, but it does not return to its original shape once the force is removed. Plastic deformation or ductility is thus a permanent deformation or change in the...
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Polymers are classified as linear or branched on the basis of their chain architecture. The polymer chains in linear polymers have a long chain-like structure with minimal to no branching at all. Even if a polymer features large substituent groups on the monomer, which appear as branches to the skeleton, it is not considered a branched polymer. A branched polymer contains secondary polymer chains that arise from the main polymer chain. The branching occurs when the polymer growth shifts from...
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It is essential to understand how structural members behave under plastic deformation when the bending stress exceeds the material's yield strength. This state of deformation permanently alters the shape of the member, in contrast to the linear elastic behavior observed before yielding. The strain at any point in the member is expressed in terms of maximum strain. Notably, the neutral axis, which coincides with the centroid during elastic bending, shifts away from the centroid under plastic...
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Plastic Deformations01:19

Plastic Deformations

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Plastic deformation represents a fundamental concept in materials science, which explains the irreversible change in the shape of a material when it experiences stress beyond its elastic capability. This phenomenon is important in structural engineering, especially in designing and analyzing cantilever beams—structures that are securely fixed at one end and bear loads at the opposite end. When these beams are subjected to loads within their elastic range, they will return to their...
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Updated: Jan 3, 2026

Extraction of Organochlorine Pesticides from Plastic Pellets and Plastic Type Analysis
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A Plasticene Lexicon.

Linsey E Haram1, James T Carlton2, Gregory M Ruiz1

  • 1Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, 647 Contees Wharf Rd, Edgewater, MD 21037, USA.

Marine Pollution Bulletin
|November 23, 2019
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The rapid increase in plastic pollution has led to new scientific terms describing its ecological impact. This study compiles these terms into a unified lexicon for consistent scientific communication.

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Science
  • Ecology
  • Geochemistry

Background:

  • Global plastic pollution has surged over the past 50 years.
  • This has prompted extensive research into the effects on ecosystems.
  • New terminology has arisen to describe plastic-related phenomena.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To consolidate emerging neologisms related to plastic pollution.
  • To establish a unified vocabulary for scientific discourse.
  • To facilitate clear communication about the 'age of plastics'.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of scientific publications on plastic pollution.
  • Identification and collection of novel terms.
  • Lexicon compilation and categorization.

Main Results:

  • A comprehensive lexicon of neologisms has been assembled.
  • The lexicon covers ecological, chemical, and geological impacts.
  • The study highlights the need for standardized terminology.

Conclusions:

  • A unified vocabulary is crucial for advancing research on plastic pollution.
  • Standardized terms will improve understanding of plastic's environmental reality.
  • Encouraging the use of this lexicon aids scientific progress.