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Protocol for Assessing the Relative Effects of Environment and Genetics on Antler and Body Growth for a Long-lived Cervid
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Migrating bison engineer the green wave.

Chris Geremia1, Jerod A Merkle2, Daniel R Eacker3

  • 1Yellowstone Center for Resources, Yellowstone National Park, Mammoth Hot Springs, WY 82190; Chris_Geremia@nps.gov.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
|November 23, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Yellowstone bison migrations challenge the Green Wave Hypothesis. Bison grazing actively shapes plant green-up, influencing their own movements rather than just following forage availability.

Keywords:
bisongrazing lawngreen wavemigrationsurfing

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Area of Science:

  • Ecology
  • Animal Behavior
  • Plant Phenology

Background:

  • Migratory herbivores typically follow spring green-up waves for optimal forage.
  • The Green Wave Hypothesis posits that climate, weather, and topography drive these migrations.
  • The role of large, ecosystem-engineering grazers in this dynamic is not well understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate how Yellowstone bison migrations interact with the spring green-up wave.
  • To determine if bison movements are dictated by forage availability or if they influence plant phenology.

Main Methods:

  • Tracking migrating bison movements using new technology.
  • Conducting small-scale grazing experiments to assess forage quality feedback.
  • Analyzing a decade-long shift in bison density to observe impacts on grassland green-up.

Main Results:

  • Yellowstone bison do not strictly follow the spring green-up wave; they alter its progression.
  • Bison grazing sustains forage quality and can cause grasslands to green up faster and more intensely.
  • Increased bison density led to accelerated, intensified, and prolonged grassland green-up.

Conclusions:

  • Large aggregate grazers like bison actively engineer plant phenology through grazing.
  • The Green Wave Hypothesis requires revision to incorporate the feedback loop created by ecosystem engineers.
  • Animal movements can shape their environment, influencing foraging benefits and migratory patterns.