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Physical Properties of Amines

Physical Properties of Amines

Amines with low molecular weight are usually gaseous at room temperature, while those with high molecular weight are liquid or solids in nature. Usually, low molecular weight amines have a rotten fish-like smell. Diamines typically have a pungent smell. For instance, cadaverine and putrescine, depicted in Figure 1, are two molecules responsible for decaying tissue.

Toxic Reactions: Overview

Toxic Reactions: Overview

When toxic substances penetrate the human body, they disseminate to various tissues, undergoing metabolic changes. This process yields reactive metabolites that may covalently bind with specific target molecules, resulting in toxicity.
Toxicity falls into two primary categories: local and systemic.
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Local Anesthetics: Adverse Effects

Local Anesthetics: Adverse Effects

While local anesthetics are generally safe and well-tolerated, they can occasionally cause adverse effects that vary in severity. Local anesthetics can induce toxicity at two distinct levels. They can either produce local effects through direct contact with the neural elements or be absorbed into the bloodstream from the injection site, leading to systemic effects.
Once absorbed into the systemic circulation, local anesthetics can affect the organs that depend on the functioning of sodium...

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Humans continually engage with an environment rich in potentially harmful chemicals. These are introduced to our bodies through inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact. These chemicals exist in various forms, such as air and environmental pollutants, agricultural chemicals, organic solvents, and heavy metals.
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Environmental pollutants like...

2° Amines to N-Nitrosamines: Reaction with NaNO2

2° Amines to N-Nitrosamines: Reaction with NaNO₂

Secondary amines react with nitrous acid to form N-nitrosamines, as depicted in Figure 1. Nitrous acid, a weak and unstable acid, is formed in situ from an aqueous solution of sodium nitrite and strong acids, such as hydrochloric acid or sulfuric acid, in cold conditions. In the presence of an acid, the nitrous acid gets protonated. The subsequent loss of water results in the formation of the electrophile known as nitrosonium ion.

Prevention of Further Absorption of Poison

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In cases of acute poisoning, the primary objective is to prevent further absorption of the toxic substance into the body. Immediate interventions using various decontamination techniques targeting the gastrointestinal (GI) tract can achieve this. Decontamination is crucial to prevent poison from entering the systemic circulation, which involves washing affected areas with water and mild soap and removing contaminated clothing. Once external decontamination is done, attention must be turned to...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 3, 2026

Microwave-assisted Intramolecular Dehydrogenative Diels-Alder Reactions for the Synthesis of Functionalized Naphthalenes/Solvatochromic Dyes

Microwave-assisted Intramolecular Dehydrogenative Diels-Alder Reactions for the Synthesis of Functionalized Naphthalenes/Solvatochromic Dyes

Published on: April 1, 2013

Naphthalene Toxicity in Clinical Practice.

Ashok Kumar Pannu¹, Vidhi Singla¹

¹Department of Internal Medicine, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India.

Current Drug Metabolism

|November 23, 2019

Summary

Naphthalene toxicity from mothball exposure causes severe symptoms like hemolysis and organ failure, especially in G6PD-deficient individuals. Prompt supportive care is crucial, with methylene blue used cautiously for methemoglobinemia.

Keywords:

Naphthalene hemolysis methemoglobinemia methylene blue mothball poisoning.

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Microwave-assisted Intramolecular Dehydrogenative Diels-Alder Reactions for the Synthesis of Functionalized Naphthalenes/Solvatochromic Dyes

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Area of Science:

Toxicology
Environmental Health

Background:

Naphthalene exposure from household products like mothballs is an under-recognized cause of severe toxidrome.
Accidental or deliberate ingestion, skin contact, and inhalation can lead to toxicity.

Purpose of the Study:

To provide clinicians with an updated review of naphthalene toxicity.
To cover pharmacology, clinical presentation, diagnostics, and management strategies.

Main Methods:

Comprehensive literature review spanning eight decades.
Analysis of landmark articles from major databases (PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library).

Main Results:

Naphthalene toxicity presents abruptly with acute hemolysis, methemoglobinemia, renal failure, respiratory depression, and brain dysfunction.
Patients with G6PD deficiency experience more severe toxicity, leading to high morbidity and mortality.

Conclusions:

Management primarily relies on high-quality supportive care.
Intravenous methylene blue is effective for severe methemoglobinemia but contraindicated in severe G6PD deficiency.