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Updated: Jan 3, 2026

Flow Cytometric Analysis of Lymphocyte Infiltration in Central Nervous System during Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis
Published on: November 17, 2020
Positive oligoclonal bands and CSF pleocytosis in narcolepsy type 1: A case report supporting the immune-mediated
Ana Moreno-Estébanez1, Iker Bilbao Villabeitia1, Teresa Echeverria Guibert2
1Neurology Department, Cruces University Hospital, Plaza Cruces S/N, 48903 Barakaldo, Basque Country, Spain.
Abstract:
Narcolepsy-type 1 is a neurological sleep-disorder caused by a selective loss of hypothalamic orexin/hypocretin-producing neurons whose underlying mechanism is considered to be immune-mediated. We report the case of a 16 year-old girl with excessive daytime sleepiness, hypnagogic/hypnopompic hallucinations and cataplexy, fulfilling narcolepsy-type 1 diagnostic criteria. She was HLA-DQB1*06:02/DQA1*01:02 positive. CSF analysis demonstrated positive IgG oligoclonal bands, pleocytosis and hypocretin-1 below detection limit. Other autoimmune processes were excluded, including autoimmune encephalitis. After treatment with intravenous immunoglobulins sleep-related hallucinations transiently improved for a month. This case's CSF inflammatory findings support the role of neuroinflammation in narcolepsy-type 1 development in genetically predisposed patients.
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