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Related Concept Videos

Knee Joint01:23

Knee Joint

3.0K
The knee joint is the most complicated joint in the body. It consists of three articulations– two tibiofemoral and one patellofemoral. As is characteristic of synovial joints, the knee joint has a thin articular capsule that partially surrounds this joint cavity. Additionally, several ligaments, muscles, and cartilaginous structures support the movement of the knee.
A total of seven ligaments support the knee joint. The patellar ligament, which is also attached to the quadriceps femoris...
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Bones of the Lower Limb: Femur and Patella01:16

Bones of the Lower Limb: Femur and Patella

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The femur is the body's longest and strongest bone spanning the thigh region. Its head articulates with the acetabulum of the hip bone to form the hip joint. A minor indentation on the medial side of the femoral head, called the fovea capitis, serves as the site of attachment for the ligament of the head of the femur. This weak ligament spans the femur and acetabulum and supports the hip joint. The narrowed region below the head is the neck of the femur. The inclination angle between the...
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Muscles that Move the Leg01:23

Muscles that Move the Leg

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The movement of the legs is facilitated by numerous muscles located within the anterior, medial, and posterior compartments of the thigh.
Anterior Compartment
The quadriceps femoris, the most visible muscle of the anterior compartment, is integral for leg extension and thigh flexion. It is formed by merging four distinct muscles — the vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, vastus intermedius, and rectus femoris. The quadriceps tendon, a shared tendon of the four quadriceps muscles, is affixed...
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Functional Classification of Joints01:09

Functional Classification of Joints

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Functional Classification of Joints
The functional classification of joints is determined by the amount of mobility between the adjacent bones. Joints are functionally classified as a synarthrosis or immobile joint, an amphiarthrosis or slightly moveable joint, or as a diarthrosis, a freely moveable joint. Fibrous and cartilaginous joints can be functionally classified as either synarthroses  or amphiarthroses, whereas all synovial joints are classified as diarthroses.
Synarthrosis
An...
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Fractures: Bone Repair01:27

Fractures: Bone Repair

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Treatment for a fracture is based on the type of break, the bone affected, and the patient's age.
Minor fractures with no bone displacement are treated by immobilizing the fractured bone using a cast or splint. However, in the case of fractures with displaced bones, the broken bones are repositioned before immobilization to ensure successful healing without deformation and loss of function. The realignment of fractured bone ends is performed through a process called reduction. If the...
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Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

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Concomitant cartilage restoration does not demonstrate consistent additional clinical benefit in medial patellofemoral ligament reconstruction: A systematic review.

Knee surgery, sports traumatology, arthroscopy : official journal of the ESSKA·2026
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Two-Year Outcomes of the Proximal Hamstring Avulsion Rehabilitation Regimes: Longitudinal Versus Accelerated Protocol (PHARRLAP) Study: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

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Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction With a Quadriceps Tendon Autograft in Female Patients Shows Equivalent Graft Failure But Lower Activity Scores and Slower Quadriceps Strength Recovery Compared With Male Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 3, 2026

A Mini-Invasive Internal Fixation Technique for Studying Immobilization-Induced Knee Flexion Contracture in Rats
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A Mini-Invasive Internal Fixation Technique for Studying Immobilization-Induced Knee Flexion Contracture in Rats

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The Irreducible Knee Dislocation.

Shahbaz S Malik1, Peter B MacDonald1

  • 1Pan Am Clinic, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Cananda.

The Journal of Knee Surgery
|November 23, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Irreducible knee dislocations, particularly the posterolateral type, are rare and difficult to diagnose. Management requires open or arthroscopic reduction due to soft tissue buttonholing, with ongoing debate on optimal ligament reconstruction timing.

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Area of Science:

  • Orthopedic Surgery
  • Sports Medicine
  • Traumatology

Background:

  • Irreducible knee dislocations are a rare subset of acute knee dislocations.
  • Posterolateral knee dislocations are the most common type, presenting diagnostic challenges clinically and radiographically.
  • Medial femoral condyle buttonholing often precludes closed reduction, necessitating surgical intervention.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review previous case reports on irreducible knee dislocations.
  • To describe methods for identifying irreducible knee dislocations.
  • To provide a management algorithm for ligament injuries in posterolateral dislocations.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of case reports and small series on posterolateral knee dislocations.
  • Clinical and radiographic diagnostic criteria for irreducible knee dislocations.
  • Development of a management algorithm for associated ligament injuries.

Main Results:

  • Posterolateral dislocations frequently involve buttonholing, requiring open or arthroscopic reduction.
  • Commonly associated ligament injuries include the medial collateral ligament, anterior cruciate ligament, and posterior cruciate ligament.
  • Case reports suggest favorable outcomes with both early and delayed ligament reconstruction, though consensus is lacking.

Conclusions:

  • Irreducible posterolateral knee dislocations require prompt surgical management.
  • An algorithm is proposed to guide the treatment of ligamentous injuries in these complex dislocations.
  • Further research is needed to establish optimal timing for ligament reconstruction.