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Viral Replication: Lysogenic Cycle01:16

Viral Replication: Lysogenic Cycle

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The lysogenic cycle is a crucial viral replication strategy that allows bacteriophages to persist within host cells without immediately destroying them. This process is primarily observed in temperate phages, such as bacteriophage lambda (λ), which infects Escherichia coli. The cycle allows the viral genome to persist across bacterial generations while keeping host cells viable.Integration of the Viral GenomeUpon infection, bacteriophage lambda attaches to the bacterial surface and injects...
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Bacteriophages, or phages, are viruses that specifically infect bacteria, utilizing their genetic material to hijack host cellular machinery for replication. DNA bacteriophages employ single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) or double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) genomes. These phages exhibit diverse replication strategies and host interactions, influencing their ecological roles and applications in biotechnology and medicine.ssDNA BacteriophagesssDNA phages, with their small genomes, utilize unique strategies to...
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Lysogenic Cycle of Bacteriophages00:43

Lysogenic Cycle of Bacteriophages

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In contrast to the lytic cycle, phages infecting bacteria via the lysogenic cycle do not immediately kill their host cell. Instead, they combine their genome with the host genome, allowing the bacteria to replicate the phage DNA along with the bacterial genome. The incorporated copy of the phage genome is called the prophage. Some prophages can re-activate and enter the lytic cycle. This often occurs in response to a perturbation, such as DNA damage, but can also transpire in the absence of...
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Lytic Cycle of Bacteriophages01:30

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Bacteriophages, also known as phages, are specialized viruses that infect bacteria. A key characteristic of phages is their distinctive “head-tail” morphology. A phage begins the infection process (i.e., lytic cycle) by attaching to the outside of a bacterial cell. Attachment is accomplished via proteins in the phage tail that bind to specific receptor proteins on the outer surface of the bacterium. The tail injects the phage’s DNA genome into the bacterial cytoplasm. In the...
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Viral Replication: Lytic Cycle01:20

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Bacteriophages, or phages, are viruses that specifically infect bacteria. Among them, T-even bacteriophages, such as T4, exhibit a well-characterized lytic replication cycle in Escherichia coli (E. coli). This process ensures the rapid proliferation of the virus while ultimately leading to the destruction of the bacterial host.Attachment and DNA InjectionThe infection process begins with the recognition and binding of the T4 phage to the E. coli cell surface. Tail fibers of the phage...
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CRISPR and crRNAs

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Bacteria and archaea are susceptible to viral infections just like eukaryotes; therefore, they have developed a unique adaptive immune system to protect themselves. Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats and CRISPR-associated proteins (CRISPR-Cas) are present in more than 45% of known bacteria and 90% of known archaea.
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Understanding the Impact of Temperate Bacteriophages on Their Lysogens Through Transcriptomics
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Quantifying the forces that maintain prophages in bacterial genomes.

Amjad Khan1, Lindi M Wahl1

  • 1Department of Applied Mathematics, Western University, London, ON, Canada.

Theoretical Population Biology
|November 24, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Prophages, viral DNA in bacteria, show a bimodal size distribution. Mathematical modeling reveals large prophages rely on new integrations, while small prophages persist by losing induction genes but retaining benefits.

Keywords:
BacteriophageGenome evolutionProphageTemperate virus

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Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Bioinformatics

Background:

  • Prophages are viral DNA sequences integrated into bacterial genomes, comprising up to 20% of bacterial DNA.
  • Prophages can provide bacterial hosts with fitness advantages or trigger cell death via induction.
  • Recent studies indicate a bimodal distribution of prophage lengths, distinguishing between small and large prophages.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a mathematical model explaining the evolutionary forces shaping prophage size distribution.
  • To quantitatively estimate the rates of lysogeny, induction, degradation, and selection acting on prophages.

Main Methods:

  • Development of a mathematical model for prophage evolution.
  • Fitting the model to three independent prophage length distribution datasets.

Main Results:

  • The model successfully explains the observed bimodal distribution of prophage lengths.
  • Quantitative estimates for evolutionary forces (lysogeny, induction, degradation, selection) were derived.
  • Large prophages are primarily maintained by new lysogenic integrations.

Conclusions:

  • The study provides a quantitative framework for understanding prophage evolution and size distribution.
  • Large prophages depend on continuous lysogeny for persistence.
  • Small prophages can be evolutionarily favored by losing induction genes while retaining host benefits.