Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

CNS Depressants: Alcohol and Nicotine01:27

CNS Depressants: Alcohol and Nicotine

951
Ethanol, a clear colorless alcohol, has been consumed by humans for millennia, but its effects on the body are far from benign. At lower doses, it induces decreased inhibitions and loquaciousness, leading to its social appeal. However, it can cause severe consequences at higher doses, such as coma and respiratory depression, due to its zero-order elimination kinetics. Chronic ethanol abuse wreaks havoc on multiple organ systems, particularly the CNS and the liver. Abrupt cessation of ethanol...
951
Drugs Affecting Neurotransmitter Synthesis01:29

Drugs Affecting Neurotransmitter Synthesis

2.0K
Drugs affecting neurotransmitter synthesis can impact the adrenergic neuron and the synthesis of neurotransmitters. For example, α-methyltyrosine and carbidopa target specific enzymes involved in catecholamine synthesis. α-methyltyrosine inhibits the enzyme tyrosine hydroxylase, which converts tyrosine into dopamine. By blocking this enzyme, α-methyltyrosine reduces dopamine production and other catecholamines. Carbidopa, on the other hand, inhibits the enzyme dopa decarboxylase,...
2.0K
Drug Abuse and Addiction: Pharmacological Phenomena01:15

Drug Abuse and Addiction: Pharmacological Phenomena

1.0K
Drug dependence, abuse, and addiction are complex phenomena that can precipitate various abnormal states. Physical dependence refers to a state of pharmacological adaptation to a drug. This adaptation often results in tolerance—a reduced response to the drug after repeated administrations. When the drug use is abruptly stopped, withdrawal symptoms occur due to the body's need to readjust from the pharmacologically induced imbalance. However, tolerance and withdrawal symptoms do not...
1.0K
Substance Use Disorders Affecting Sleep01:24

Substance Use Disorders Affecting Sleep

344
Substance use disorders involve a pattern of using drugs more extensively than intended and continuing use despite harmful consequences. This includes legal substances like alcohol and nicotine, as well as illegal drugs. These disorders often involve both physical and psychological dependence, reflecting compulsive use of substances that significantly alter thoughts, feelings, and behaviors, contributing to a major public health issue.
Understanding the concepts of physical dependence,...
344

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Deciphering the causal influence of BMI and related metabolic, inflammatory, and cardiovascular factors on brain structure: a Mendelian Randomization Study.

Molecular psychiatry·2026
Same author

Impulsivity behaviors and white matter mediate the relationship between genetic risk for cannabis use disorder and early cannabis use in adolescents.

Addiction (Abingdon, England)·2025
Same author

Neuroanatomical Variability and Substance Use Initiation in Late Childhood and Early Adolescence.

JAMA network open·2025
Same author

Amygdala connectivity is associated with withdrawn/depressed behavior in a large sample of children from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study®.

Psychiatry research. Neuroimaging·2024
Same author

Mega-analysis of the brain-age gap in substance use disorder: An ENIGMA Addiction working group study.

Addiction (Abingdon, England)·2024
Same author

Principal component analysis as an efficient method for capturing multivariate brain signatures of complex disorders-ENIGMA study in people with bipolar disorders and obesity.

Human brain mapping·2024

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 3, 2026

Construction of Vapor Chambers Used to Expose Mice to Alcohol During the Equivalent of all Three Trimesters of Human Development
15:27

Construction of Vapor Chambers Used to Expose Mice to Alcohol During the Equivalent of all Three Trimesters of Human Development

Published on: July 13, 2014

15.1K

Editorial: Alcohol and the Developing Brain: What to Expect Next?

Scott Mackey1

  • 1University of Vermont, Burlington.

Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
|November 24, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Comparing expected rewards to actual outcomes is crucial for learning and decision-making. Neuroimaging studies reveal consistent brain regions involved in processing these value-based comparisons across various tasks.

More Related Videos

The Use of Trace Eyeblink Classical Conditioning to Assess Hippocampal Dysfunction in a Rat Model of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders
19:57

The Use of Trace Eyeblink Classical Conditioning to Assess Hippocampal Dysfunction in a Rat Model of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders

Published on: August 5, 2017

8.8K
Moderate Prenatal Alcohol Exposure and Quantification of Social Behavior in Adult Rats
11:01

Moderate Prenatal Alcohol Exposure and Quantification of Social Behavior in Adult Rats

Published on: December 14, 2014

10.1K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jan 3, 2026

Construction of Vapor Chambers Used to Expose Mice to Alcohol During the Equivalent of all Three Trimesters of Human Development
15:27

Construction of Vapor Chambers Used to Expose Mice to Alcohol During the Equivalent of all Three Trimesters of Human Development

Published on: July 13, 2014

15.1K
The Use of Trace Eyeblink Classical Conditioning to Assess Hippocampal Dysfunction in a Rat Model of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders
19:57

The Use of Trace Eyeblink Classical Conditioning to Assess Hippocampal Dysfunction in a Rat Model of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders

Published on: August 5, 2017

8.8K
Moderate Prenatal Alcohol Exposure and Quantification of Social Behavior in Adult Rats
11:01

Moderate Prenatal Alcohol Exposure and Quantification of Social Behavior in Adult Rats

Published on: December 14, 2014

10.1K

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cognitive Science
  • Decision Science

Background:

  • Behavioral adaptation and decision-making rely on comparing anticipated outcomes with actual experiences.
  • Understanding the neural mechanisms underlying these comparisons is vital for theories of incentivized learning.
  • Extensive neuroimaging research has focused on identifying brain regions involved in reward processing.

Discussion:

  • A consistent set of brain regions are implicated in representing both anticipated value and experienced outcomes.
  • These value-coding regions appear to be engaged across a diverse array of experimental tasks.
  • This suggests a common neural substrate for evaluating expected versus received rewards.

Key Insights:

  • The brain systematically compares expected rewards with experienced outcomes to guide future behavior.
  • Neuroimaging data reveal a conserved network of brain areas involved in this value comparison process.
  • This neural network is fundamental to adaptive, goal-directed actions and learning.

Outlook:

  • Further research can elucidate the precise computational roles of these value-coding regions.
  • Investigating how these neural systems are modulated by context and individual differences is a key future direction.
  • Understanding these mechanisms may offer insights into conditions characterized by reward processing deficits.