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Related Concept Videos

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

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T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...
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B Cell Activation and Differentiation01:24

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The adaptive immune response, a sophisticated defense mechanism, relies on the activation and differentiation of B lymphocytes, or B cells. These processes enable our bodies to mount a tailored response against specific pathogens such as bacteria, free virus particles, toxins, and parasites.
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T Cell Types and Functions01:24

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When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
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Antigen receptors are essential components of the immune system crucial in defending the body against foreign invaders. These receptors are present on the surface of B and T cells, enabling them to recognize antigens and mount an appropriate immune response.
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Cells of the Adaptive Immune Response01:23

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The T and B lymphocytes of the adaptive immune system develop from common lymphoid progenitor cells in the bone marrow. These progenitors give rise to precursors that eventually develop into both T and B lymphocytes. As these precursors mature, they gain the ability to detect and respond to foreign antigens in the body, a process known as immunocompetence. Additionally, these precursors acquire self-tolerance, a process that ensures they do not react to self-antigens. This intricate system...
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The adaptive immune system, a crucial component of the overall immune response, offers a highly specialized defense against pathogens. It involves specific cell types and features, enabling it to combat infections effectively and efficiently.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 3, 2026

Development and Functional Characterization of Murine Tolerogenic Dendritic Cells
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Development and Functional Characterization of Murine Tolerogenic Dendritic Cells

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The versatile plasmacytoid dendritic cell: Function, heterogeneity, and plasticity.

Rebecca Leylek1, Juliana Idoyaga1

  • 1Department of Microbiology and Immunology, and Immunology Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States.

International Review of Cell and Molecular Biology
|November 25, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) are key immune cells. Research explores their diverse roles beyond interferon production, investigating if different pDC subtypes or plasticity drive these functions in immunity and disease.

Keywords:
AXL(+) dendritic cellsAntigen presentationCell conversionHeterogeneityIFN-IPlasmacytoid dendritic cellsPlasticitySubsetsTransitional dendritic cells

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) were identified as natural interferon producers.
  • pDCs are known for rapid type-I interferon (IFN-I) production against viruses.
  • Emerging evidence suggests pDCs also play roles in antigen presentation, adaptive immunity, and immunoregulation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the diverse functions of pDCs beyond their established role in IFN-I production.
  • To investigate the mechanisms underlying pDC functions, focusing on heterogeneity and plasticity.
  • To review the involvement of pDCs in infection, autoimmunity, and cancer.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of recent findings on pDC function and heterogeneity.
  • Analysis of studies investigating pDC plasticity and cell conversion.
  • Synthesis of research on pDC roles in various disease contexts.

Main Results:

  • pDCs exhibit a broader functional repertoire than previously understood.
  • The debate continues on whether distinct pDC subpopulations or plasticity underlies these diverse functions.
  • Environmental factors may influence pDC behavior and function.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding pDC heterogeneity and plasticity is crucial for elucidating their complex roles in immunity.
  • pDCs are implicated in various conditions, including infections, autoimmune diseases, and cancer.
  • Further research is needed to fully unravel the multifaceted nature of pDCs.