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Related Concept Videos

Direct Motor Pathways01:11

Direct Motor Pathways

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The direct motor pathways, also known as the pyramidal tracts, are a group of neural pathways that originate in the brain and descend through the spinal cord. They control the voluntary movement of the body. There are two major direct motor pathways: the corticospinal and the corticobulbar tracts.
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Neural Circuits01:25

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Neural circuits and neuronal pools are two of the main structures found in the nervous system. Neural circuits are networks of neurons that work together to carry out a specific task or process. They consist of interconnected neurons and glial cells, which provide structural and metabolic support.
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Indirect Motor Pathways01:22

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The indirect motor or extrapyramidal pathways originate in the brainstem, the lower portion of the brain that connects it to the spinal cord. They consist of several distinct tracts, each with specialized functions. The four main tracts of the indirect motor pathways are the vestibulospinal tract, the reticulospinal tract, the tectospinal tract, and the rubrospinal tract.
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Sensory impulses related to touch, pressure, vibration, and proprioception from various body parts, such as the limbs, trunk, neck, and posterior head, travel to the cerebral cortex through the posterior column-medial lemniscus pathway. The pathway’s name derives from the two white-matter tracts that convey the impulses: the spinal cord's posterior column and the brainstem's medial lemniscus. First-order sensory neurons extend their axons into the spinal cord, forming the...
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Diencephalon: Thalamus and Information Relay01:27

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The thalamus, often called “the gateway to the cerebral cortex,” is vital in processing and directing sensory and motor signals throughout the brain. Almost all inputs destined for the cerebral cortex, except for olfactory signals, are relayed through the thalamus. The thalamus is  a sophisticated relay station, channeling information from various brain regions to the cerebral cortex, as well as a filter, prioritizing certain signals over others based on current physiological...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 3, 2026

Author Spotlight: Investigating the Effects of Mind-Body-Movement Practices on Brain Function
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The neural circuitry supporting successful spatial navigation despite variable movement speeds.

William M Sheeran1, Omar J Ahmed2

  • 1Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Molecular, Cellular & Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.

Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews
|November 25, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Animals use path integration for navigation, adjusting their location based on speed. This review explores the neural circuits enabling speed-space integration, crucial for accurate spatial navigation.

Keywords:
Brain rhythmsEntorhinal cortexHippocampusLearning & memoryMedial septumMesencephalic locomotor regionNeural codingRate codeRunning speedSecondary motor cortexSpatial navigationTemporal code

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Animal Behavior
  • Spatial Navigation

Background:

  • Path integration is a navigation strategy used by ants and mammals.
  • This strategy requires animals to track movement speed to update their location.
  • Altering speed, such as with stilts, disrupts navigation, highlighting the importance of speed integration.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the neural circuitry involved in integrating speed and spatial information.
  • To examine how rate and temporal codes for speed in the hippocampus contribute to navigation.
  • To differentiate the roles of motor efference copy and sensory inputs in speed-space computations.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on neural circuits for spatial navigation.
  • Analysis of rate and temporal coding mechanisms for speed in the hippocampus.
  • Discussion of experimental approaches to distinguish sensory and motor contributions.

Main Results:

  • Neural circuits have evolved to integrate speed and spatial information for navigation.
  • Hippocampal codes (rate and temporal) are critical for representing speed.
  • Distinguishing sensory feedback from motor efference copy is key to understanding navigation.

Conclusions:

  • Accurate spatial navigation relies on the neural integration of speed and space.
  • Further research is needed to precisely disentangle sensory and motor computations in navigation.
  • High-resolution tracking of speed-encoding latency can elucidate navigation mechanisms across different speeds.