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Updated: Jan 3, 2026

Comprehensive Endovascular and Open Surgical Management of Cerebral Arteriovenous Malformations
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Published on: October 20, 2017

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Clinical Course of Extracranial Arteriovenous Malformations

Yun Zou1, Congzhen Qiao, Xiaoxi Lin

  • 1Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.

The Journal of Craniofacial Surgery
|November 26, 2019
PubMed
Abstract

Insights

Extracranial arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) are progressive vascular anomalies. Early diagnosis and management are crucial, as most patients experience disease advancement, especially in adulthood.

Area of Science:

  • Vascular Surgery
  • Dermatology
  • Pediatric Medicine

Background:

  • Extracranial arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) are often misdiagnosed and mismanaged.
  • Their progressive nature and associated morbidity are not fully understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To describe the clinical course of extracranial AVMs.
  • To emphasize the progressive nature of these vascular malformations.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective review of 446 patients with cutaneous and soft-tissue AVMs.
  • Analysis of disease course, lesion location, clinical stage, progression, and prior treatments.
  • Progression defined as advancement to a higher Schobinger stage.

Main Results:

  • Most AVMs (76.7%) were located in the head and neck.
  • Significant progression risk observed in childhood (41.9% before adolescence) and adulthood (96.2%).
  • Diffuse lesions and those outside head/neck showed higher progression rates in childhood.

Conclusions:

  • Extracranial AVMs exhibit a continuously progressive course.
  • Understanding AVM progression highlights the need for early diagnosis and management.
  • Further research into innovative treatments is essential to prevent destructive progression.

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