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Related Concept Videos

Treatment Resistant Cancers02:56

Treatment Resistant Cancers

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Cancer is the second leading cause of death in the United States. A cancer cell is genetically unstable and hence can mutate faster. They can also modify their microenvironment and escape immune surveillance. The difficulties in treating cancer are further compounded by the emergence of rapid resistance to anticancer drugs. The most common ways to attain resistance in cancer cells include alteration in drug transport and metabolism, modification of drug target, elevated DNA damage response, or...
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Combination Therapies and Personalized Medicine02:50

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Combining two or more treatment methods increases the life span of cancer patients while reducing damage to vital organs or tissue from the overuse of a single treatment. Combination therapy also targets different cancer-inducing pathways, thus reducing the chances of developing resistance to treatment.
The combination of the drug acetazolamide and sulforaphane is a good example of combination therapy to treat cancer. The cells in the interior of a large tumor often die due to the hypoxic and...
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Targeted Cancer Therapies02:57

Targeted Cancer Therapies

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The targeted cancer therapies, also known as “molecular targeted therapies,” take advantage of the molecular and genetic differences between the cancer cells and the normal cells. It needs a thorough understanding of the cancer cells to develop drugs that can target specific molecular aspects that drive the growth, progression, and spread of cancer cells without affecting the growth and survival of other normal cells in the body.
There are several types of targeted therapies against...
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Tumor Immunotherapy01:27

Tumor Immunotherapy

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Immunotherapy is a treatment that boosts or manipulates the immune system to fight diseases, including cancer. For instance, by stimulating an immune response through vaccinations against viruses that cause cancers, like hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus, these diseases can be prevented. Nonetheless, some cancer cells can avoid the immune system due to their rapid mutation and division. The immune response to many cancers involves three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.
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Drug Therapy01:28

Drug Therapy

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The advent of drug therapy has profoundly shaped modern mental health care, providing targeted treatments for a range of psychological disorders. Psychotherapeutic drugs, classified into antianxiety, antidepressant, and antipsychotic medications, address symptoms across anxiety disorders, mood disorders, and schizophrenia. While these medications have transformed patient outcomes, they require careful management due to their potential side effects and limitations.
Antianxiety Medications
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Cancer Therapies02:49

Cancer Therapies

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Cancer therapies are various modes of treatment, such as surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy that are administered to cancer patients.
However, cancer treatments can pose several challenges, as therapies used to kill cancer cells are generally also toxic to normal cells. Moreover, cancer cells mutate rapidly and can develop resistance to chemical agents or radiation therapy. Besides, all types of cancer cells may not respond to the same therapy. Some cancer cells respond to one...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 3, 2026

Murine Model of Leukemia Relapse to Induction Chemotherapy for Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia
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Evolution of Therapy for Relapsed/Refractory Multiple Myeloma.

Jorge J Castillo

    Journal of the National Comprehensive Cancer Network : JNCCN
    |November 26, 2019
    PubMed
    Summary

    Keeping up with new treatments for relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma is difficult. Treatment choice for multiple myeloma depends on patient factors, prior therapies, and drug toxicities.

    Area of Science:

    • Hematology
    • Oncology
    • Pharmacology

    Background:

    • Recent advancements in treating relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma present challenges for clinicians.
    • A wide array of novel therapeutic agents are now available, including immunomodulators, proteasome inhibitors, monoclonal antibodies, histone deacetylase inhibitors, and nuclear export inhibitors.

    Framework:

    • Treatment selection requires careful consideration of individual disease-related and patient-related factors.
    • Previous treatment history and potential drug toxicities are critical components of the decision-making process.

    Implementation:

    • Dr. Jorge J. Castillo's presentation at the NCCN 2019 Annual Congress offered insights into current treatment strategies.
    • The overview covered existing therapies and emerging treatments for relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma.

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    Establishment of a Human Multiple Myeloma Xenograft Model in the Chicken to Study Tumor Growth, Invasion and Angiogenesis
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    Implications:

    • Clinicians need to stay updated on the evolving landscape of multiple myeloma therapeutics.
    • Personalized treatment approaches are essential for optimizing outcomes in relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma.