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Diabetes Mellitus: Type 2 and Gestational01:22

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Type 2 diabetes, characterized by insulin resistance, arises when the insulin receptors on cells lose responsiveness to insulin, diminishing the cell's capacity to take up glucose, resulting in elevated blood glucose levels. To receive a diagnosis of Type 2 diabetes, a series of blood glucose tests are necessary to assess whether the blood glucose falls within normal parameters. If the result is out of the normal range, a patient may be diagnosed as prediabetic or diabetic, depending on the...
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The therapy for diabetes aims to alleviate hyperglycemia-related symptoms, prevent acute metabolic decompensation, and reduce chronic end-organ complications. Glycemic control is evaluated through short-term (self-monitoring, continuous glucose monitoring) and long-term (A1c, fructosamine) metrics, enabling near real-time tracking of blood glucose levels and reflecting glycemic control over specific time frames.
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For most patients, experiencing several weeks of polyuria, polydipsia, fatigue, and significant weight loss may indicate the presence of diabetes. Furthermore, adults displaying the phenotypic appearance of type 2 diabetes (particularly those who are obese and not initially insulin-requiring), may have islet cell autoantibodies, suggesting autoimmune-mediated β cell destruction and a diagnosis of latent autoimmune diabetes of adults (LADA). The categorization of glucose homeostasis is...
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Diabetes Mellitus: Overview and Type I Subtype01:22

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Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by high blood glucose levels due to inadequate insulin production, insulin resistance, or both. The condition affects millions worldwide and can significantly impact their health and quality of life.
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Carbohydrates are polymers composed of molecules containing atoms of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. One gram of carbohydrate can provide four kilo-calories of energy, which makes it the most efficient instant energy source.
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Without prolonged fasting, healthy individuals maintain blood glucose levels above 3.5 mM due to a well-adapted neuroendocrine counterregulatory system that effectively prevents acute hypoglycemia, a potentially life-threatening condition. The primary clinical scenarios for hypoglycemia encompass diabetes treatment, inappropriate production of endogenous insulin or insulin-like substances by tumors, and the use of glucose-lowering agents in non-diabetic individuals. Notably, hypoglycemia in the...
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Glycemic Impact on Knee Osteoarthritis Symptoms on Physical, Radiographic, and Inflammatory Markers among Individuals Aged 50 and Over with Diabetes
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Risk and management of pre-diabetes.

Jwj Beulens1,2, F Rutters1, L Rydén3

  • 1Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Amsterdam UMC - Location VU, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.

European Journal of Preventive Cardiology
|November 27, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Early detection of pre-diabetes, including impaired fasting glucose (IFG) and impaired glucose tolerance (IGT), is crucial for preventing type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and cardiovascular disease (CVD). Lifestyle modifications are effective interventions for managing pre-diabetes progression.

Keywords:
Cardiovascular riskpre-diabetesprogressiontype 2 diabetes

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Cardiology
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) significantly increases cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk, with complications potentially preceding diagnosis.
  • Pre-diabetes, encompassing impaired fasting glucose (IFG) and impaired glucose tolerance (IGT), identifies individuals at heightened risk for T2DM and CVD.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review definitions of pre-diabetes and its progression to T2DM and vascular complications.
  • To explore risk factors influencing progression and effective management strategies.
  • To provide clinical recommendations for early detection and intervention.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current guidelines for pre-diabetes definition using fasting plasma glucose, 2-hour glucose, and HbA1c.
  • Analysis of risk factors (sex, BMI, ethnicity) affecting progression to T2DM and CVD.
  • Evaluation of interventions including lifestyle modification and metformin.

Main Results:

  • Pre-diabetes, by various criteria, confers similar elevated risks for T2DM and CVD.
  • Progression is influenced by factors like sex, BMI, and ethnicity.
  • Lifestyle modification shows sustainable effects, particularly for IGT, and is more effective than metformin in the long term.

Conclusions:

  • Risk assessment models effectively identify individuals at high risk for T2DM, enabling preventive interventions.
  • Lifestyle modification is a key strategy for managing pre-diabetes and preventing T2DM and CVD progression.
  • Early detection and tailored interventions are essential for mitigating the long-term risks associated with pre-diabetes.