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Related Concept Videos

Redox Reactions01:27

Redox Reactions

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Redox reactions are vital biochemical processes that underpin energy metabolism in cells. These reactions involve the transfer of electrons between molecules, occurring in tandem as oxidation and reduction. Oxidation refers to the loss of electrons, while reduction denotes their gain. This coupling ensures the seamless flow of electrons through metabolic pathways. For example, in bacterial metabolism, glucose undergoes oxidation to carbon dioxide, while oxygen is simultaneously reduced to...
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Oxidation-reduction or redox reactions involve the transfer of electrons from one molecule or atom to another. When an atom gains an electron, another atom must lose an electron, meaning oxidation and reduction must occur together. Since the redox occurs in pairs, the atom that gets oxidized is also called the reducing agent or reductant, and the atom that is reduced is also called the oxidizing agent or oxidant. A straightforward way to remember the definitions of oxidation and reduction is...
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The energy released from the breakdown of the chemical bonds within nutrients can be stored either through the reduction of electron carriers or in the bonds of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). In living systems, a small class of compounds functions as mobile electron carriers, molecules that bind to and shuttle high-energy electrons between compounds in pathways. The principal electron carriers that will be considered originate from the B vitamin group and are derivatives of nucleotides; they are...
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Oxidation and Reduction of Organic Molecules01:19

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Energy production within a cell involves many coordinated chemical pathways. Most of these pathways are combinations of oxidation and reduction reactions, which occur at the same time. An oxidation reaction strips an electron from an atom in a compound, and the addition of this electron to another compound is a reduction reaction. Because oxidation and reduction usually occur together, these pairs of reactions are called redox reactions.
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Electron Carriers01:24

Electron Carriers

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Electron carriers can be thought of as electron shuttles. These compounds can easily accept electrons (i.e., be reduced) or lose them (i.e., be oxidized). They play an essential role in energy production because cellular respiration is contingent on the flow of electrons.
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Electron Transport Chain: Complex I and II01:46

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The mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC) is the main energy generation system in the eukaryotic cells. However, mitochondria also produce cytotoxic reactive oxygen species (ROS) due to the large electron flow during oxidative phosphorylation. While Complex I is one of the primary sources of superoxide radicals, ROS production by Complex II is uncommon and may only be observed in cancer cells with mutated complexes.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 3, 2026

Immobilization of Multi-biocatalysts in Alginate Beads for Cofactor Regeneration and Improved Reusability
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Engineering a nicotinamide mononucleotide redox cofactor system for biocatalysis.

William B Black1, Linyue Zhang1, Wai Shun Mak2,3

  • 1Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.

Nature Chemical Biology
|November 27, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Researchers developed a novel nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN+) cofactor system for biocatalysis. This system efficiently supports chemical production in vitro and in vivo, offering a cost-effective alternative to NADP+.

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Area of Science:

  • Biocatalysis
  • Metabolic Engineering
  • Synthetic Biology

Background:

  • Cellular cofactors like nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP+) are essential for biological chemical production but are costly and difficult to control.
  • Developing alternative cofactor systems is crucial for advancing in vitro and in vivo biocatalysis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and validate a noncanonical redox cofactor system based on nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN+).
  • To demonstrate the system's utility in diverse redox chemistries and metabolic engineering applications.

Main Methods:

  • Computational enzyme design to create a glucose dehydrogenase with high specificity for NMN+ over NADP+.
  • In vitro assays to evaluate cofactor system performance in supporting redox reactions.
  • Metabolic engineering of Escherichia coli to channel reducing power from glucose to a pharmaceutical intermediate using the NMN+ system.

Main Results:

  • A computationally designed glucose dehydrogenase exhibited a 10^7-fold specificity switch towards NMN+.
  • The NMN+ cofactor system supported diverse in vitro redox chemistries with a high total turnover number (~39,000).
  • In E. coli, the system efficiently channeled reducing power from glucose to levodione and sustained metabolic flux for growth.

Conclusions:

  • The developed NMN+ cofactor system offers an efficient and controllable alternative for biocatalysis.
  • This work highlights the potential of noncanonical cofactors in designing novel metabolic pathways and improving biocatalytic processes.