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The urinary bladder is a hollow, muscular sac that temporarily stores urine before it is expelled from the body. It can hold approximately 600 mL of urine prior to micturition. The bladder is retroperitoneal and located behind the pubic symphysis in the pelvic floor.
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The lower urinary system consists of the urinary bladder and urethra, which are essential in storing and expelling urine from the body. Together with the internal and external sphincters, these structures work together to regulate urination effectively.Anatomy of the BladderThe urinary bladder is a muscular, stretchable organ behind the pubic bone and in front of the rectum. In females, the bladder is positioned anterior to the vagina and inferior to the uterus, while in males, it is located...
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Imaging Studies VI: Voiding Cystourethrography and Cystography01:22

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Voiding Cystourethrography (VCUG) and Cystography are specialized radiographic procedures used to examine the structure and function of the bladder and urethra.Voiding Cystourethrography (VCUG)A Voiding Cystourethrogram (VCUG) is a diagnostic imaging procedure that assesses the anatomy and function of the lower urinary tract. It focuses on the bladder, bladder neck, and urethra, helping detect abnormalities such as vesicoureteral reflux (VUR)—the backward or reverse flow of urine into the...
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The Micturition Reflex01:26

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Urination, or micturition involves the coordination of the bladder's detrusor muscle and two sphincters to ensure controlled bladder emptying.
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The nursing assessment of the genitourinary (GU) system involves a systematic inspection and palpation to identify abnormalities in the kidneys, bladder, and surrounding structures.InspectionMouth: Inspect for signs of kidney dysfunction, such as stomatitis (inflammation of the mouth) and ammonia breath, which may occur in advanced kidney disease due to the buildup of urea, breaking down into ammonia.Skin: Check for pallor, which could indicate anemia caused by kidney disease. Look for...
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The urinary system is responsible for eliminating waste and excess fluids from the body. However, disorders of the urinary system can arise due to various reasons like infections, stress, age, congenital abnormalities, and lifestyle.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 3, 2026

Nerve-sparing Mid-urethral Obstruction NeMO in Female Small Rodents
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Primary Bladder Neck Obstruction.

Rachael D Sussman1, Alice Drain1, Benjamin M Brucker1

  • 1New York University Langone Medical Center New York, NY.

Reviews in Urology
|November 27, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Primary bladder neck obstruction (PBNO) is a functional bladder outlet issue causing voiding difficulties. Diagnosis involves videourodynamics, and treatment ranges from watchful waiting to surgery.

Keywords:
Bladder outlet obstructionLower urinary tract symptomsPrimary bladder neck obstruction

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Area of Science:

  • Urology
  • Functional Urology

Background:

  • Primary bladder neck obstruction (PBNO) is a functional bladder outlet disorder.
  • It results from abnormal bladder neck opening during urination.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the etiology, presentation, diagnosis, and treatment of PBNO.
  • To cover PBNO in men, women, and children.

Main Methods:

  • Diagnosis is confirmed using videourodynamic testing.
  • Fluoroscopic imaging identifies obstruction at the bladder neck.

Main Results:

  • PBNO presents with voiding symptoms (slow stream, incomplete emptying), storage symptoms (frequency, urgency), and pelvic pain.
  • Videourodynamics show high voiding pressures with low flow.

Conclusions:

  • PBNO is a treatable condition with diverse management options.
  • Treatment includes conservative, pharmacologic, and surgical approaches.