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Colloidal solids are solid particles suspended in solution. They are usually negatively charged, attracting a compact primary layer of positively charged ions, which attract more counterions to form an electrical double layer. Electrostatic repulsion between the charged double layers prevents the particles from colliding, stabilizing the colloids. These solids are often undesirable because they can contain toxins that are difficult to remove. Coagulation is a technique that helps aggregate and...
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Vesicle budding is orchestrated by distinct cytosolic proteins such as adaptor proteins, coat proteins, and GTPases. To initiate vesicle budding, membrane-bending proteins containing crescent-shaped BAR domains bind to the lipid heads in the bilayer and distort the membrane to form a protein-coated vesicle bud. Adaptors proteins such as AP2 for clathrin-coated vesicles can nucleate on the deformed membrane. Finally, coat proteins such as clathrin or COPI and COPII assemble into a coat forming...
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Different physical properties of lipids and proteins allow them to localize and form distinct islands or domains in the membrane. Some membrane domains are formed due to protein-protein interactions, whereas others are formed due to the presence of specific lipids such as sphingolipids and sterols—for example, large proteins, such as bacteriorhodopsin, aggregate and create distinct domains.
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The high insolubility of some precipitates can result in an unfavorable relative supersaturation. This can lead to colloidal particles with a large surface-to-mass ratio, where adsorption is promoted. For instance, in the precipitation of silver chloride, silver ions are adsorbed on the surface of the colloidal particles, forming a primary layer. This layer attracts ions of opposite charge (such as nitrate ions), forming a diffuse secondary layer of adsorbed ions. This electric double layer...
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Cell membranes are composed of phospholipids, proteins, and carbohydrates loosely attached to one another through chemical interactions. Molecules are generally able to move about in the plane of the membrane, giving the membrane its flexible nature called fluidity. Two other features of the membrane contribute to membrane fluidity: the chemical structure of the phospholipids and the presence of cholesterol in the membrane.
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Membrane fluidity is explained by the fluid mosaic model of the cell membrane, which describes the plasma membrane structure as a mosaic of components—including phospholipids, cholesterol, proteins, and carbohydrates—that gives the membrane a fluid character.
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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science and Engineering
  • Polymer Chemistry
  • Biotechnology

Background:

  • Complex coacervates possess low interfacial energy, ideal for cargo encapsulation.
  • However, this low interfacial energy leads to instability against mechanical stress and environmental changes (pH, salt concentration).
  • Conventional stabilization methods using chemical cross-linkers compromise the coacervate's intrinsic properties, including its liquid phase and encapsulation efficiency.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a novel method for stabilizing complex coacervates while preserving their intrinsic properties.
  • To create a stable microparticle system capable of efficient cargo encapsulation and targeted delivery.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a microfluidic device to control the interfacial energy of the complex coacervate phase in mineral oil.
  • Developed a method to create double engulfed poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA) coacervate microparticles (DEPOT).
  • Investigated the properties of the encapsulated coacervate and its behavior in different solvent environments.

Main Results:

  • Successfully created DEPOT microparticles, where liquid coacervate is encapsulated within a cross-linked PEGDA shell.
  • The encapsulated coacervate retained its low interfacial energy, enabling efficient cargo encapsulation.
  • Demonstrated successful infiltration into a target site via a simple solvent exchange from oil to water.

Conclusions:

  • DEPOT microparticles offer a stable yet functional platform for complex coacervate encapsulation.
  • This approach overcomes the inherent instability of coacervates without sacrificing their valuable encapsulation properties.
  • The developed microparticles show promise for applications requiring controlled cargo delivery.