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Related Concept Videos

Colloids03:22

Colloids

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Children at play often make suspensions such as mixtures of mud and water, flour and water, or a suspension of solid pigments in water known as tempera paint. These suspensions are heterogeneous mixtures composed of relatively large particles that are visible to the naked eye or can be seen with a magnifying glass. They are cloudy, and the suspended particles settle out after mixing. On the other hand, a solution is a homogeneous mixture in which no settling occurs and in which the dissolved...
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The high insolubility of some precipitates can result in an unfavorable relative supersaturation. This can lead to colloidal particles with a large surface-to-mass ratio, where adsorption is promoted. For instance, in the precipitation of silver chloride, silver ions are adsorbed on the surface of the colloidal particles, forming a primary layer. This layer attracts ions of opposite charge (such as nitrate ions), forming a diffuse secondary layer of adsorbed ions. This electric double layer...
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Children at play often make suspensions such as mixtures of mud and water, flour and water, or a suspension of solid pigments in water known as tempera paint. These suspensions are heterogeneous mixtures composed of relatively large particles visible to the naked eye or seen with a magnifying glass. They are cloudy, and the suspended particles settle out after mixing. The suspended particles in a suspension settle out after some time of mixing. The separation of particles from a suspension is...
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Coagulation01:06

Coagulation

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Colloidal solids are solid particles suspended in solution. They are usually negatively charged, attracting a compact primary layer of positively charged ions, which attract more counterions to form an electrical double layer. Electrostatic repulsion between the charged double layers prevents the particles from colliding, stabilizing the colloids. These solids are often undesirable because they can contain toxins that are difficult to remove. Coagulation is a technique that helps aggregate and...
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Intermolecular Forces in Solutions02:28

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The formation of a solution is an example of a spontaneous process, a process that occurs under specified conditions without energy from some external source.
When the strengths of the intermolecular forces of attraction between solute and solvent species in a solution are no different than those present in the separated components, the solution is formed with no accompanying energy change. Such a solution is called an ideal solution. A mixture of ideal gases (or gases such as helium and argon,...
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Factors Affecting Dissolution: Particle Size and Effective Surface Area01:23

Factors Affecting Dissolution: Particle Size and Effective Surface Area

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Dissolution kinetics, an essential aspect of oral drug delivery, is significantly influenced by the drug's particle size. According to the Noyes-Whitney dissolution model, the dissolution rate correlates directly with the drug's surface area. The larger the surface area, the higher the drug's solubility in water, leading to a faster drug dissolution rate. Reducing particle size increases the effective surface area, enhancing the dissolution process. Micronization and nanosizing are...
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Quantitative and Qualitative Examination of Particle-particle Interactions Using Colloidal Probe Nanoscopy
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Before the breach: Interactions between colloidal particles and liquid interfaces at nanoscale separations.

Anna Wang1,2, Jos W Zwanikken3, David M Kaz4

  • 1Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA.

Physical Review. E
|November 28, 2019
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Summary

Particle interactions with fluid interfaces are crucial for materials like Pickering emulsions. New research reveals these normal interactions change nonmonotonically with salt concentration, impacting particle assembly.

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Area of Science:

  • Colloid and Interface Science
  • Materials Science
  • Physical Chemistry

Background:

  • Particles at fluid-fluid interfaces are key for self-assembly and Pickering emulsions.
  • Lateral particle interactions are well-studied, but normal interactions before contact are less understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the normal interactions between colloidal particles and a fluid interface.
  • To understand how salt concentration influences these interactions.
  • To explore the implications for particle assembly at interfaces.

Main Methods:

  • Digital holographic microscopy was used to track individual micrometer-size colloidal particles.
  • Measurements were taken as particles approached an aqueous-oil interface.

Main Results:

  • Particle-interface interactions showed nonmonotonic behavior with salt concentration: repulsive at 1 mM, attractive at tens of mM, negligible at 100 mM, and attractive again above 200 mM.
  • Attractive regimes allowed particle binding at nanometer separations without interface breaching.
  • Classical theories failed to explain observations, but a nonlinear screening theory succeeded.

Conclusions:

  • Normal particle-interface interactions are complex and salt-dependent, challenging classical theories.
  • These interactions influence lateral particle arrangements, suggesting out-of-equilibrium assembly in particle-laden interfaces.
  • Understanding these forces is critical for designing Pickering emulsions and other interfacial materials.