Do Students Really Use Internet Access for Learning in the Classroom? : Exploring Students' Cyberslacking in an

Ermida Simanjuntak1,2, Nur Ainy Fardana Nawangsari1, Rahkman Ardi1

  • 1Doctoral Program, Faculty of Psychology, Airlangga University, Surabaya 60286, Indonesia.

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E. C. Tolman emphasized the purposiveness of behavior — the idea that much of our behavior is goal-directed. For instance, employees who aim for a promotion work diligently to meet their targets. Tolman argued that when classical conditioning and operant conditioning occur, the organism acquires certain expectations. In classical conditioning, a child might fear a dog because they expect it to bite. In operant conditioning, a person might consistently work overtime because they expect a...
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