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Related Concept Videos

Pulmonary Tuberculosis III01:31

Pulmonary Tuberculosis III

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Tuberculosis (TB) is a contagious infection primarily affecting the lung parenchyma but which can also affect other body parts. TB can be classified based on disease development, presentation, and the affected anatomical site.
The first classification is based on the development of the disease, and it includes the following categories:
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Pulmonary Tuberculosis II01:28

Pulmonary Tuberculosis II

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Tuberculosis, or TB, is a bacterial infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. While its primary impact is on the lungs, leading to pulmonary tuberculosis, it can also affect various other organs, a condition referred to as extrapulmonary tuberculosis.
Here is a detailed explanation of its pathophysiology:
Transmission: The process begins when a person inhales droplet nuclei containing M. tuberculosis. These are typically released into the air when an individual with pulmonary or...
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Pulmonary Tuberculosis V01:28

Pulmonary Tuberculosis V

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Medical management of tuberculosis (TB) patients involves a comprehensive approach that includes diagnosis, treatment, and monitoring. The specific strategies can vary depending on the type of tuberculosis (latent or active), the patient's overall health status, and other considerations.
Latent tuberculosis infection occurs when TB bacteria are present in a person's body, but are not causing illness or symptoms. It is not contagious, and preventive treatment is crucial to avoid the...
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Pulmonary Tuberculosis I01:29

Pulmonary Tuberculosis I

779
Tuberculosis, often called TB, is a contagious illness primarily caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It mainly affects the lung parenchyma but can also impact other body parts.
Causative Organism
The primary infectious agent causing tuberculosis is Mycobacterium tuberculosis, a slow-growing, acid-fast, aerobic rod that exhibits sensitivity to heat and ultraviolet light. Instances of Mycobacterium bovis and Mycobacterium avium contributing to the development of TB infection are rare.
Mode of...
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Pulmonary Tuberculosis IV01:26

Pulmonary Tuberculosis IV

449
Tuberculosis, more commonly referred to as TB, is an infectious disease stemming from Mycobacterium tuberculosis. While it primarily impacts the lungs, TB can also affect other body areas. Given its severity and global impact, timely and accurate diagnosis is crucial for controlling its spread and improving patient outcomes.
Several diagnostic approaches are used to detect TB. The conventional method is the Tuberculin Skin Test (TST), also known as the Mantoux test. However, this method has...
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Other Pulmonary Disorders01:17

Other Pulmonary Disorders

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Respiratory disorders encompass a range of conditions with varying levels of severity. Asthma, marked by chronic airway inflammation and hypersensitivity, is one such condition. It can lead to airway obstruction due to factors like bronchial spasms, mucosal edema, increased mucus secretion, or epithelial damage. Asthma triggers are diverse, ranging from allergens to emotional upset, and treatment focuses on both immediate relief through bronchodilators and long-term inflammation suppression.
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Analysis of 18FDG PET/CT Imaging as a Tool for Studying Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection and Treatment in Non-human Primates
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[CME: Extrapulmonary Tuberculosis].

Armon Arpagaus1, Maja Weisser2,3,4,5

  • 1St. Claraspital, Basel.

Praxis
|November 28, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Extrapulmonary tuberculosis can spread to organs beyond the lungs, particularly in immunocompromised individuals. Diagnosis requires invasive methods, and treatment generally mirrors pulmonary tuberculosis guidelines, with extended durations for specific conditions like meningitis.

Keywords:
Extrapulmonale TuberkuloseExtrapulmonary tuberculosisHIVXpert® MTB/RIF

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Area of Science:

  • Medicine
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Pulmonology

Background:

  • Tuberculosis (TB) commonly affects the lungs but can disseminate to extrapulmonary sites.
  • Extrapulmonary TB frequently involves lymph nodes, pleura, and bones.
  • Immunosuppressive conditions (e.g., HIV) and therapies (e.g., TNF-alpha inhibitors) increase dissemination risk.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide an overview of extrapulmonary tuberculosis (TB).
  • To highlight diagnostic challenges and treatment strategies for extrapulmonary TB.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current guidelines and medical literature on extrapulmonary TB.
  • Discussion of diagnostic procedures including microscopy, culture, molecular methods (Xpert® MTB/RIF), and histology.
  • Outline of standard treatment regimens and duration adjustments.

Main Results:

  • Extrapulmonary TB diagnosis is challenging, often necessitating invasive sampling for definitive proof.
  • Standard treatment involves a six-month regimen: two months of four drugs followed by four months of two drugs.
  • Treatment duration is extended for tuberculous meningitis (one year) and skeletal TB (6-9 months).
  • Corticosteroids are recommended for cerebral and pericardial TB.

Conclusions:

  • Extrapulmonary TB requires careful diagnosis and management tailored to the affected site.
  • Adherence to established treatment protocols, with necessary modifications, is crucial for successful outcomes.
  • Early recognition and appropriate therapy can mitigate the severity of extrapulmonary TB.