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Ions and Ionic Charges03:27

Ions and Ionic Charges

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In ordinary chemical reactions, the nucleus — which contains the protons and neutrons of each atom and thus identifies the element — remains unchanged. Electrons, however, can be added to atoms by transfer from other atoms, lost by transfer to other atoms, or shared with other atoms. The transfer and sharing of electrons among atoms govern the chemistry of the elements. During the formation of some compounds, atoms gain or lose electrons to form electrically charged particles called...
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Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), or shock therapy, remains a critical biomedical intervention for severe, treatment-resistant depression. While its origins can be traced back to Hippocrates' observations that malaria-induced convulsions alleviated mental illness, modern ECT has evolved significantly from its earlier, more primitive applications. First introduced in 1938 by Ugo Cerletti and his colleagues, ECT involves inducing controlled seizures using electrical currents. In its early...
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Ligand-gated Ion Channels

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Ligand-gated ion channels are transmembrane proteins with a channel for ions to pass through and a binding site for a ligand. The channel opens only when a ligand attaches to the binding site.
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Class I antiarrhythmic drugs are used to treat various types of arrhythmias or irregular heart rhythms. These drugs block the sodium (Na+) channels in the cardiac cells, thereby affecting the movement of electrical impulses across the heart. Class I antiarrhythmic drugs are divided into three subgroups: Class IA, Class IB, and Class IC, each with distinct mechanisms of action and effects on the heart.
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A type of Lewis acid-base chemistry involves the formation of a complex ion (or a coordination complex) comprising a central atom, typically a transition metal cation, surrounded by ions or molecules called ligands. These ligands can be neutral molecules like H2O or NH3, or ions such as CN− or OH−. Often, the ligands act as Lewis bases, donating a pair of electrons to the central atom. These types of Lewis acid-base reactions are examples of a broad subdiscipline called coordination...
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Ionic Bonds

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Overview
When atoms gain or lose electrons to achieve a more stable electron configuration they form ions. Ionic bonds are electrostatic attractions between ions with opposite charges. Ionic compounds are rigid and brittle when solid and may dissociate into their constituent ions in water. Covalent compounds, by contrast, remain intact unless a chemical reaction breaks them.
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New Ions for Therapy.

Francesco Tommasino1,2, Emanuele Scifoni1, Marco Durante1,2

  • 1Biophysics Department, GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Darmstadt, Germany.

International Journal of Particle Therapy
|November 28, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

New ions like helium, lithium, and oxygen show promise for advanced charged particle therapy (CPT), offering improved tumor targeting and treatment of radioresistant cancers. Exploring these particles could enhance cancer treatment and address non-cancer diseases.

Keywords:
Bragg peakOERRBEcharged particle therapyheavy ionslight ions

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Area of Science:

  • Medical Physics
  • Radiation Oncology
  • Biophysics

Background:

  • Charged particle therapy (CPT) currently utilizes protons and carbon ions for treating deep-seated and radioresistant tumors with poor prognoses.
  • There is renewed interest in expanding the range of ions used in CPT to improve treatment efficacy.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To discuss the potential and limitations of various ions (¹H, ⁴He, ¹²C, ¹⁶O) in CPT.
  • To compare physical and biological properties of different particle species for cancer treatment.

Main Methods:

  • Screening of existing literature and performance of additional analyses.
  • Comparison of physical and biological properties of selected ions.
  • Utilizing the TRiP98 treatment planning system to compare dose distributions for different ions and configurations, including hypoxic targets.

Main Results:

  • Intermediate charge ions (e.g., helium, lithium) offer better physical selectivity than protons but have lower biological effectiveness than carbon.
  • Heavier ions like oxygen are effective for hypoxic tumors due to increased linear energy transfer, potentially balancing entrance dose drawbacks.
  • Carbon ions remain more effective than protons in cancer cell killing.

Conclusions:

  • Optimizing radiation quality in CPT is a key challenge for heavy ion therapy.
  • Combined treatments using different ions present an intriguing option for various tumor sensitivities and morphologies.
  • Exploring new ions may lead to advancements in cancer therapy and treatment of non-cancer diseases like atrial fibrillation.