Related Experiment Video
Updated: Jan 3, 2026

Quantification of Strain in a Porcine Model of Skin Expansion Using Multi-View Stereo and Isogeometric Kinematics
Published on: April 16, 2017
Complications of tissue expansion in the head and neck
Jayson L Azzi1, Chloe Thabet1, Alain J Azzi2
1Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
Background:
The authors aim to present a comprehensive review detailing the present state of evidence with regard to complications following tissue expansion in the head and neck.
Methods:
A systematic literature search was conducted to identify all studies reporting complications of tissue expansion in the head and neck between 2000 and 2019. Subgroup comparisons based on expander locations and planes were conducted.
Results:
A total of 7058 patients were included. Tissue expansion was associated with an overall complication rate of 8.73% (616/7058). The most common complications were extrusion (207/7009; 3.0%) and hematoma (200/7009; 2.9%). Overall complications were highest in the scalp (65/238; 27.3%) and lowest in the mastoid (347/5688; 6.1%). Complications were more common with expansion in the non-subcutaneous plane (63/590; 10.7%).
Conclusion:
In the absence of large clinical trials, systematic reviews such as these can help inform clinical guidelines and provide practitioners with an evidence-based reference to improve informed consent.
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