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Analgesia and Pain Management01:25

Analgesia and Pain Management

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Pain is critical to various clinical pathologies, provoking an urgent need for effective management. Pain, whether acute or chronic, is a complex neurochemical process. Its alleviation depends on the type, with nonopioid analgesics effective for mild to moderate pain, such as musculoskeletal or inflammatory pain, while neuropathic pain responds best to anticonvulsants, tricyclic antidepressants, or serotonin/norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors. For severe acute or chronic pain, opioids may be...
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Opioids are a class of drugs that mimic endogenous opioid peptides and act on opioid receptors, and help in pain relief. These compounds are classified as natural, synthetic, or semi-synthetic. Natural opioids, like morphine, codeine, and thebaine, are derived from the opium poppy plant (Papaver somniferum or Papaver album) and are termed opiates. Synthetic opioids are artificial, while semi-synthetic opioids combine natural and synthetic compounds. Morphine, a prototypical opioid, possesses a...
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Synthetic and semisynthetic opioids are pivotal in pain management and tackling opioid addiction. Semisynthetic opioids, including morphinans (morphine derivatives), oxycodone, oxymorphone, hydrocodone, and hydromorphone, have improved pharmacokinetic profiles compared to morphine. Additionally, heroin and 6-MAM (6-Monoacetylmorphine) show better CNS penetration than morphine due to heightened lipid solubility. Hydromorphone, a potent opioid, undergoes hepatic metabolism to form the active...
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Medications are typically administered to achieve therapeutic effects. Some drugs can modify an individual's mood and perception, frequently resulting in various enjoyable experiences. However, this can result in drug dependency, a condition marked by continuous drug use despite potential negative consequences. Drug dependency primarily falls into two categories: psychological and physical dependence. Psychological dependence occurs when the pleasurable feelings induced by the drug...
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Stimulants01:29

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Stimulants are substances that enhance neural activity and elevate dopamine levels in the brain, leading to their highly addictive nature. These drugs include cocaine, amphetamines, MDMA, caffeine, and nicotine, each with distinct mechanisms of action and varied health implications.
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When it comes to infants and young children, they are typically administered smaller doses of medication in comparison to adults. This is primarily because their organ functions still need to fully develop, meaning their bodies are not as efficient at metabolizing or eliminating drugs. Additionally, their blood-brain barrier is more permeable than in adults. As a result, high concentrations of drugs can easily penetrate the central nervous system (CNS), potentially leading to neurological...
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Rapid High-throughput Species Identification of Botanical Material Using Direct Analysis in Real Time High Resolution Mass Spectrometry
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Kratom: Implications for Health Care Providers.

Deana Goldin, Deborah Salani, Mary Mckay

    Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services
    |November 28, 2019
    PubMed
    Summary

    Kratom, an herbal drug from Southeast Asia, is increasingly popular in the US. Its use poses public health risks due to potential toxicity and dependence, requiring healthcare provider awareness.

    Area of Science:

    • Pharmacology
    • Public Health
    • Ethnobotany

    Background:

    • Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa) is an herbal substance from Southeast Asia.
    • It is increasingly used in the US as a dietary supplement and perceived alternative to narcotics.
    • Kratom's psychoactive effects stem from alkaloids like mitragynine and 7-hydroxymitragynine.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To inform healthcare providers about kratom's pharmacology and associated risks.
    • To highlight kratom's emerging public health concerns.
    • To emphasize the need for familiarity with kratom use in patient care.

    Main Methods:

    • Literature review on kratom's properties and effects.
    • Analysis of current trends in kratom use.
    • Discussion of clinical implications for healthcare providers.

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    Main Results:

    • Kratom use is associated with increasing tolerance and dependence.
    • Potential toxic and lethal properties present a significant public health threat.
    • Lack of governmental controls contributes to rising prevalence.

    Conclusions:

    • Healthcare providers must understand kratom's pharmacology and adverse effects.
    • Familiarity with kratom is crucial for effective patient care.
    • Kratom poses a growing challenge to public health and safety.