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Related Concept Videos

Obesity01:24

Obesity

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The Body Mass Index (BMI) is a numerical value derived from a person's weight and height, used to categorize individuals into weight ranges. It is calculated using the formula: weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared. Obesity is a health condition characterized by excessive accumulation of adipose tissue that poses health risks, often diagnosed with a BMI ≥ 30. This excess fat storage occurs when surplus dietary calories are converted into triglycerides and stored in...
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Psychoneuroimmunology: Diabetes and Cancer01:19

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Chronic stress has been linked to both the onset and progression of serious health conditions, including Type 2 diabetes and cancer. Type 2 diabetes, a widespread chronic illness, is closely associated with obesity and insulin resistance, both of which often worsen under stress. Studies indicate that men experiencing high levels of chronic stress face a 45% higher risk of developing diabetes compared to those with minimal stress. Stress triggers physiological responses that elevate blood...
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Drug metabolism, a critical process in the liver, involves two primary phases: Phase I reactions and Phase II conjugation. Obesity introduces significant alterations in this metabolic process, primarily due to fatty infiltration of the liver, leading to conditions such as nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). This condition can modify the activities of both Phase I and II enzymes, impacting how drugs are metabolized in obese patients.Phase I metabolism sees variable effects across...
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Obesity significantly alters the pharmacokinetic processes of drug absorption and distribution, presenting unique challenges in medical treatment. The increased fat tissue and decreased lean muscle in obese individuals can significantly affect how drugs are absorbed into the body and distributed across different tissues. This alteration can lead to variances in the effectiveness and safety of medications, necessitating adjustments in dosing or drug selection for obese patients.One notable...
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Psychoneuroimmunology: Cardiovascular Disease01:27

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Psychoneuroimmunology (PNI) is a multidisciplinary field that examines how psychological factors, particularly stress, interact with the immune system and impact physical health. Research in PNI has shown that chronic or traumatic stress can disrupt both the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and the sympathetic nervous system. These disruptions contribute to serious health conditions, including cardiovascular diseases.
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In the United States, obesity is a prominent concern. It is linked to heightened mortality rates due to increased occurrences of conditions such as hypertension, atherosclerosis, coronary artery disease, and diabetes compared to nonobese individuals. A patient is classified as obese if their actual body weight surpasses the ideal or desirable body weight by 20%, based on Metropolitan Life Insurance Company data. Ideal body weights consider average weights and heights for males and females...
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Obesity: a neuroimmunometabolic perspective.

Chelsea M Larabee1, Oliver C Neely1, Ana I Domingos2,3

  • 1Department of Physiology, Anatomy & Genetics, Oxford University, Oxford, UK.

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This review explores the emerging field of neuroimmunometabolism, focusing on the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) and immune cells in adipose tissue. It highlights their crucial roles in metabolic health and obesity, proposing a new research area.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroimmunology
  • Immunometabolism
  • Adipose Tissue Biology

Background:

  • The intersection of neuroimmunology and immunometabolism is understudied, particularly in adipose tissue.
  • Immune cells and the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) significantly influence metabolic homeostasis and obesity-related pathologies.
  • Existing research highlights the reciprocal relationship between adipose tissue and the SNS.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the crosstalk between adipose tissue, immune cells, and the SNS.
  • To elucidate the role of these interactions in metabolic homeostasis and obesity.
  • To introduce and define the new field of neuroimmunometabolism.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on neuroimmunology, immunometabolism, and adipose tissue.
  • Analysis of the reciprocal adipose-SNS relationship, including neuroendocrine loops.
  • Examination of immune cell-adipocyte crosstalk and alterations in obesity.
  • Discussion of SNS adrenergic signaling effects on immune cells.

Main Results:

  • The sympathetic nervous system (SNS) and immune cells play critical roles in adipose tissue function and metabolic health.
  • Obesity alters the secretory and signaling pathways between adipocytes and immune cells.
  • SNS adrenergic signaling directly impacts immune cell function within adipose tissue.
  • SNS-resident macrophages are key modulators of the SNS-adipose crosstalk.

Conclusions:

  • The interplay between the nervous, immune, and metabolic systems in adipose tissue is complex and crucial for health.
  • Understanding this crosstalk is vital for addressing metabolic diseases like obesity.
  • The findings support the establishment of a new scientific field: neuroimmunometabolism.