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Related Concept Videos

Autophagy01:27

Autophagy

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Autophagy is a self-digesting process by which a cell protects itself from threats both within and outside the cell, ranging from abnormal proteins to invading bacteria. In this process, obsolete components of the cell and invading microbes are degraded by hydrolytic enzymes active in an acidic environment of the lysosomal lumen.
An autophagic pathway consists of a series of signaling events activated in response to diverse stress and physiological conditions such as food deprivation,...
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Eukaryotic cells use different mechanisms to eliminate toxic waste obsolete and worn-out substances. Lysosomes play a pivotal role in this, and hence, these substances are carried to the lysosome from other parts of the cell and extracellular space through different pathways. The most elaborately studied pathways to the lysosome are the endocytic pathways.
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Immune surveillance is an integral part of the innate immune system, involving the continuous monitoring of peripheral tissues to detect and respond to pathogens, infected cells, or cancerous cells. This surveillance is conducted primarily by natural killer (NK) cells and phagocytes, which employ distinct but complementary mechanisms to identify and eliminate threats.
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Autophagic Cell Death01:18

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Christian de Duve discovered “autophagy,” a process in which cellular components are engulfed by membrane-bound organelles called autophagosomes. The autophagosomes then fuse with lysosomes to digest the enclosed contents. Autophagy is generally activated in cells to prevent cell death. However, cell death is triggered when the damage is beyond repair.
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Cells undergoing apoptosis form apoptotic bodies that must be removed immediately to prevent inflammation, autoimmune diseases, and necrosis. Phagocytosis is carried out by professional phagocytes such as macrophages or  immature dendritic cells. Non-professional phagocytes such as  epithelial cells and fibroblasts also take part in this process; however, they are not as effective as professional phagocytes. 
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Updated: Jan 3, 2026

Assessing Autophagic Flux by Measuring LC3, p62, and LAMP1 Co-localization Using Multispectral Imaging Flow Cytometry
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Autophagy and the Immune Response.

Bing Cui1, Heng Lin1, Jinmei Yu1

  • 1State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, People's Republic of China.

Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology
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Autophagy is crucial for both innate and adaptive immunity, impacting immune cell functions and disease development. Understanding autophagy

Keywords:
Adaptive immunityAutophagyInnate immunity

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • Innate and adaptive immunity are vital for health and disease.
  • Autophagy plays a role in immune cell activation and function.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the critical role of autophagy in innate and adaptive immune responses.
  • To highlight the regulatory mechanisms of autophagy in the immune system.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies on autophagy and immunity.
  • Analysis of autophagy's impact on immune cells and pathways.

Main Results:

  • Autophagy directly removes pathogens and activates pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) in innate immunity.
  • Autophagy influences T lymphocyte homeostasis, differentiation, and B lymphocyte survival in adaptive immunity.

Conclusions:

  • Autophagy is essential for both innate and adaptive immune system regulation.
  • Further research into autophagy mechanisms is key for understanding diseases and developing treatments.