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Related Concept Videos

Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity01:26

Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity

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An antigen is any substance the immune system identifies as foreign and potentially harmful to the body, prompting an immune response. Antigens have two functional properties: immunogenicity and reactivity. Immunogenicity is the ability of an antigen to stimulate a specific immune response. At the same time, reactivity describes the antigen's ability to react with the cells and antibodies produced in response to it.
Complete Antigens
Complete antigens possess both immunogenicity and...
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What are Membranes?01:24

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A cell's plasma membrane demarcates the cell's borders and determines the nature of its interaction with the environment. Cells exclude certain substances, take in others, and excrete some others in controlled quantities. The plasma membrane must be flexible to allow certain cells, such as red and white blood cells, to change their shape while passing through narrow capillaries. These are the more obvious plasma membrane functions. In addition, the plasma membrane's surface carries...
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What are Membranes?01:54

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A key characteristic of life is the ability to separate the external environment from the internal space. To do this, cells have evolved semi-permeable membranes that regulate the passage of biological molecules. Additionally, the cell membrane defines a cell’s shape and interactions with the external environment. Eukaryotic cell membranes also serve to compartmentalize the internal space into organelles, including the endomembrane structures of the nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum and...
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Cell-mediated Immune Responses01:40

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Antigen Presenting Cells01:22

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The immune system is a complex network of cells and molecules that protects the body from foreign invaders. T cells, a type of white blood cell, play a crucial role in this process. They recognize and attack foreign substances, such as pathogens, that enter the body.
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Diversity of Antigen Receptors01:28

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Antigen receptors are essential components of the immune system crucial in defending the body against foreign invaders. These receptors are present on the surface of B and T cells, enabling them to recognize antigens and mount an appropriate immune response.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 3, 2026

Antigens Protected Functional Red Blood Cells By The Membrane Grafting Of Compact Hyperbranched Polyglycerols
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Human body cell membranes and antigen control.

D S Robertson1

  • 1205, Pickersleigh Road, Malvern, Worcestershire, England WR14 2QS, United Kingdom.

Medical Hypotheses
|November 29, 2019
PubMed
Summary

The human immune system may regulate disease by altering fluid ionic strength, impacting cell membranes. This mechanism addresses the challenge of numerous disease variations overwhelming available lymphocytes.

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Biochemistry
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • The human immune system faces a challenge: the vast number of disease variations exceeds the capacity of available lymphocyte cells.
  • Understanding the fundamental mechanisms governing immune system initiation and operation is crucial for developing novel therapeutic strategies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To propose a novel mechanism for immune system function based on ionic strength.
  • To explore how changes in ionic strength influence cell membrane formation and stability.
  • To detail the application of this proposed mechanism in controlling various antigens.

Main Methods:

  • Consideration of variables in human immune system initiation and operation.
  • Analysis of the relationship between disease variations and lymphocyte cell numbers.
Keywords:
Chemical effectsFluid ionic strengthsPhysical effects

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  • Proposal and detailed application of a model based on ionic strength and cell membrane dynamics.

    • Main Results:

    • Demonstration that disease variations outnumber available lymphocytes for control.
    • Proposal that immune function is mediated by changes in metabolic fluid ionic strength.
    • Detailed explanation of how ionic strength affects cell membrane stability and antigen control.

    Conclusions:

    • The human immune system's operational capacity is potentially governed by ionic strength-mediated changes in cell membranes.
    • This ionic strength model offers a new perspective on controlling bacterial, viral, and other antigens.
    • Presented observations support the proposed mechanism, suggesting a new avenue for immune system research.