Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Myasthenia Gravis: Overview and Treatment01:20

Myasthenia Gravis: Overview and Treatment

2.7K
Myasthenia gravis is a neuromuscular transmission disorder characterized by weakness and increased fatigability of skeletal muscles. It is an autoimmune disease affecting approximately one in 2000 people, where antibodies against the α1 subunit of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors are produced.
These antibodies interfere with the function of the nicotinic receptors in three ways: by binding to the receptor and disrupting acetylcholine binding; by causing cross-linking of receptors which...
2.7K
Alzheimer's Disease: Overview01:26

Alzheimer's Disease: Overview

1.5K
Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is a continually advancing neurodegenerative disorder, distinguished by escalating memory loss, cognitive dysfunction, and dementia. The disease unfolds in three stages: preclinical, mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and dementia. Its onset is insidious, and the progression gradual, with the cause not well explained by other disorders.
The clinical diagnosis of AD hinges on the presence of memory and other cognitive impairments. Biomarkers, such as changes in Aβ...
1.5K
Parkinson's Disease: Overview01:15

Parkinson's Disease: Overview

1.6K
Neurodegenerative disorders are progressive diseases that cause irreversible damage and loss to neurons in specific brain areas. Examples of these disorders include Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, Multiple Sclerosis (MS), and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS). These disorders share characteristics such as proteinopathies, selective neuronal vulnerability, and a complex interplay between genetic and environmental factors. The primary therapeutic goal for these conditions is...
1.6K
Lysosomal Hydrolases01:22

Lysosomal Hydrolases

4.4K
Lysosomes are the site for the degradation of macromolecules and biological polymers released during membrane trafficking events such as secretory, endocytic, autophagic, and phagocytic pathways. The membrane-enclosed area of the lysosome, called the lumen, contains hydrolytic enzymes active in an acidic environment. These acid hydrolases are functional at a pH between 4.5 and 5 and are involved in cellular processes such as cell signaling, energy metabolism, restoration of the plasma membrane,...
4.4K
Cross-bridge Cycle01:26

Cross-bridge Cycle

121.8K
As muscle contracts, the overlap between the thin and thick filaments increases, decreasing the length of the sarcomere—the contractile unit of the muscle—using energy in the form of ATP. At the molecular level, this is a cyclic, multistep process that involves binding and hydrolysis of ATP, and movement of actin by myosin.
121.8K
Myasthenia Gravis: Diagnostic Tests01:15

Myasthenia Gravis: Diagnostic Tests

1.8K
Myasthenia gravis is an autoimmune condition affecting neuromuscular transmission, causing generalized weakness in skeletal muscles. Initial diagnoses rely on patients' signs, symptoms, and medical history. The challenge lies in distinguishing myasthenia from other muscular dystrophies. An important diagnostic feature is the significant improvement of symptoms after administering anticholinesterase inhibitors.
The edrophonium test is a diagnostic tool for myasthenia gravis. It involves...
1.8K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Cognitive correlates of decision-making in Parkinson's disease: a systematic review.

Frontiers in aging neuroscience·2026
Same author

Shortened olfactory identification testing to differentiate parkinsonian syndromes.

Parkinsonism & related disorders·2026
Same author

Clinical telemonitoring and telerehabilitation of cognition in rare neurological diseases: a scoping review.

Journal of neurology·2026
Same author

Indications, contraindications, and step-by-step methodology for performing carotid sinus massage in patients presenting with syncope : A scientific statement of an Ad Hoc Syncope Consortium endorsed by: the European Autonomic Society (EFAS), Gruppo Italiano Multidisciplinare Syncope (GIMSI) and European Geriatric Medicine Society (EuGMS).

Clinical autonomic research : official journal of the Clinical Autonomic Research Society·2026
Same author

Multiparametric MRI and imaging transcriptomics reveal molecular and cellular correlates of neurodegeneration in experimental Parkinsonism.

NPJ Parkinson's disease·2026
Same author

Tolerability and efficacy of full-body head-up tilt sleeping in Parkinson's disease and multiple system atrophy.

NPJ Parkinson's disease·2026
Same journal

Glutamate-Glutamine metabolism and transport, implications in Parkinson's disease.

International review of neurobiology·2026
Same journal

Redox bioenergetics of neuronal senescence in Alzheimer's disease.

International review of neurobiology·2026
Same journal

Neurovascular coupling and energy substrate delivery in Alzheimer's disease.

International review of neurobiology·2026
Same journal

From metals to mitochondria: Linking trace elements to energy crisis in Alzheimer's disease.

International review of neurobiology·2026
Same journal

Invisible threats of microplastics induced toxicity: Oxidative and inflammatory pathways in the CNS and retina.

International review of neurobiology·2026
Same journal

Starved synapses: Gut microbiome dysbiosis and its role in Alzheimer's glucose impairment.

International review of neurobiology·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 3, 2026

Utility of Dissociated Intrinsic Hand Muscle Atrophy in the Diagnosis of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
08:16

Utility of Dissociated Intrinsic Hand Muscle Atrophy in the Diagnosis of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis

Published on: March 4, 2014

33.0K

Multiple system atrophy.

Alessandra Fanciulli1, Iva Stankovic2, Florian Krismer1

  • 1Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.

International Review of Neurobiology
|November 30, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Multiple system atrophy (MSA) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease. This chapter reviews MSA's history, causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatments, highlighting challenges in early detection.

Keywords:
Clinical featuresDiagnosisDiagnostic criteriaEtiologyHistoryMultiple system atrophyNeuropathologyPathophysiologyRed flagsTreatment

More Related Videos

Abbiategrasso Brain Bank Protocol for Collecting, Processing and Characterizing Aging Brains
12:28

Abbiategrasso Brain Bank Protocol for Collecting, Processing and Characterizing Aging Brains

Published on: June 3, 2020

18.0K
Comprehensive Autopsy Program for Individuals with Multiple Sclerosis
09:41

Comprehensive Autopsy Program for Individuals with Multiple Sclerosis

Published on: July 19, 2019

11.9K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jan 3, 2026

Utility of Dissociated Intrinsic Hand Muscle Atrophy in the Diagnosis of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
08:16

Utility of Dissociated Intrinsic Hand Muscle Atrophy in the Diagnosis of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis

Published on: March 4, 2014

33.0K
Abbiategrasso Brain Bank Protocol for Collecting, Processing and Characterizing Aging Brains
12:28

Abbiategrasso Brain Bank Protocol for Collecting, Processing and Characterizing Aging Brains

Published on: June 3, 2020

18.0K
Comprehensive Autopsy Program for Individuals with Multiple Sclerosis
09:41

Comprehensive Autopsy Program for Individuals with Multiple Sclerosis

Published on: July 19, 2019

11.9K

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Neurology
  • Pathology

Background:

  • Multiple system atrophy (MSA) is a rare, sporadic, adult-onset neurodegenerative disorder.
  • Characterized by autonomic failure, parkinsonism, and ataxia, with glial cytoplasmic inclusions of misfolded α-synuclein as a hallmark.
  • MSA presents with distinct motor phenotypes (MSA-P and MSA-C) and common premotor features like autonomic dysfunction and REM sleep behavior disorder.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive overview of Multiple System Atrophy (MSA).
  • To discuss historical context, etiopathogenesis, and neuropathological findings.
  • To detail clinical manifestations, diagnostic challenges, and current/future therapeutic strategies.

Main Methods:

  • Review of historical milestones and scientific literature on MSA.
  • Analysis of neuropathological findings, including α-synuclein aggregation.
  • Synthesis of clinical features, diagnostic criteria, and biomarker research.

Main Results:

  • MSA diagnosis can be challenging, especially in early stages, with suboptimal accuracy of current criteria.
  • Specific red flags aid diagnosis, but a combination of clinical, imaging, and biomarker data is often required.
  • Understanding of MSA's diverse clinical spectrum, from motor phenotypes to non-motor symptoms, has evolved.

Conclusions:

  • MSA remains a complex neurodegenerative disorder with significant diagnostic and therapeutic unmet needs.
  • Continued research into etiopathogenesis and biomarkers is crucial for improving diagnostic accuracy and developing effective treatments.
  • A multidisciplinary approach is essential for managing MSA patients, addressing both motor and non-motor symptoms.