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Related Concept Videos

Long-term Potentiation01:35

Long-term Potentiation

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Long-term potentiation, or LTP, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTP is the process of synaptic strengthening that occurs over time between pre- and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic strengthening of LTP works in opposition to the synaptic weakening of long-term depression (LTD) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.
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Long-term Potentiation01:25

Long-term Potentiation

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Long-term potentiation, or LTP, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTP is the process of synaptic strengthening that occurs over time between pre and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic strengthening of LTP works in opposition to the synaptic weakening of long-term depression (LTD) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.
Hebbian LTP
LTP can occur when...
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Long-term Depression01:05

Long-term Depression

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Long-term depression, or LTD, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTD is the process of synaptic weakening that occurs over time between pre and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic weakening of LTD works in opposition to synaptic strengthening by long-term potentiation (LTP) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.
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Long-term Depression01:03

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Long-term depression, or LTD, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTD is the process of synaptic weakening that occurs over time between pre and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic weakening of LTD works in opposition to synaptic strengthening by long-term potentiation (LTP) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.
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Integration of Synaptic Events01:28

Integration of Synaptic Events

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Synaptic integration mainly includes the summation of graded potentials. Graded potentials, regardless of their type, cause subtle alterations in membrane voltage, resulting in either depolarization or hyperpolarization. These incremental changes, when combined or summed, can propel the neuron toward its threshold. Consider, for example, a membrane experiencing a +15 mV shift, causing it to depolarize from -70 mV to -55 mV. In this scenario, graded potentials govern the membrane's ability to...
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Postsynaptic Potential (PSP)01:32

Postsynaptic Potential (PSP)

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Postsynaptic potential (PSP) refers to a change in the electrical potential of a neuron when neurotransmitters released by presynaptic neurons bind to postsynaptic receptors. This potential can either be excitatory, leading to depolarization and ultimately action potential generation, or inhibitory, leading to hyperpolarization and suppression of the postsynaptic neuron.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 2, 2026

Long-term Potentiation of Perforant Pathway-dentate Gyrus Synapse in Freely Behaving Mice
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Single Synapse LTP: A Matter of Context?

Dennis L H Kruijssen1, Corette J Wierenga1

  • 1Department of Biology, Science for Life, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands.

Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience
|November 30, 2019
PubMed
Summary

This review explores long-term potentiation (LTP) at single dendritic spines. It highlights how induction methods and synaptic context influence LTP signaling and expression.

Keywords:
dendritic spineglutamate uncaginglong-term potentiationmolecular pathwayssynaptic crosstalksynaptic plasticity

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cellular Neuroscience
  • Synaptic Plasticity

Background:

  • Long-term potentiation (LTP) is a key mechanism for learning and memory.
  • Studying LTP at the single synapse level provides crucial insights into neural circuit function.
  • Dendritic spines are the primary postsynaptic sites for excitatory synapses.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review and compare methods for inducing single synapse LTP.
  • To summarize signaling mechanisms underlying LTP with high spatiotemporal resolution.
  • To discuss the contextual factors influencing single synapse LTP.

Main Methods:

  • Two-photon glutamate uncaging for inducing structural and functional LTP in dendritic spines.
  • High spatiotemporal resolution imaging and electrophysiology to study signaling pathways.
  • Comparative analysis of different stimulation protocols for single synapse LTP induction.

Main Results:

  • Single synapse LTP can be induced and studied with precise control using advanced techniques.
  • Various signaling pathways contribute to LTP expression at the dendritic spine.
  • The induction method, spine history, and local network activity significantly impact LTP.

Conclusions:

  • Single synapse LTP is a context-dependent phenomenon.
  • Understanding these contextual dependencies is crucial for deciphering LTP's role in brain function.
  • Future research should focus on integrating these contextual factors to build more comprehensive models of synaptic plasticity.