Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Predator-Prey Interactions02:39

Predator-Prey Interactions

20.9K
Predators consume prey for energy. Predators that acquire prey and prey that avoid predation both increase their chances of survival and reproduction (i.e., fitness). Routine predator-prey interactions elicit mutual adaptations that improve predator offenses, such as claws, teeth, and speed, as well as prey defenses, including crypsis, aposematism, and mimicry. Thus, predator-prey interactions resemble an evolutionary arms race.
20.9K
Competition02:34

Competition

24.2K
When organisms require the same limited resources within an environment, they may have to compete for them. Competition is a net-negative interaction. Even if two competing individuals or populations do not interact directly, the overall fitness of both competitors is lowered as a result of not having full access to the limited resource.
24.2K
Hindsight Biases01:12

Hindsight Biases

4.2K
Hindsight bias leads you to believe that the event you just experienced was predictable, even though it really wasn’t. In other words, you knew all along that things would turn out the way they did. Can you relate this to the phrase "Hindsight is 20/20" now? 
4.2K
Optimal Foraging00:48

Optimal Foraging

13.3K
How animals obtain and eat their food is called foraging behavior. Foraging can include searching for plants and hunting for prey and depends on the species and environment.
13.3K
Ecological Niches02:02

Ecological Niches

25.9K
All organisms have a position within an ecosystem. The complete set of living and nonliving factors—including food resources, climate, and terrain—that define the position of a given organism are collectively referred to as the organism’s ecological niche.
25.9K
The Availability Heuristic01:08

The Availability Heuristic

6.9K
A heuristic is a general problem-solving framework (Tversky & Kahneman, 1974). You can think of these as mental shortcuts that are used to solve problems. Different types of heuristics are used in different types of situations, and the impulse to use a heuristic occurs when one of five conditions is met (Pratkanis, 1989):
6.9K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

EVApeCognition: An 18-Year Dataset of Great Ape Cognition.

Scientific data·2026
Same author

Beyond the Lab: Cognitive Neuroscience in Real-World Contexts.

Wiley interdisciplinary reviews. Cognitive science·2026
Same author

Application of a new coaxial bipolar electrode for the treatment of vertebral metastases: a pilot study in an ovine model.

Frontiers in medicine·2025
Same author

Probing phased-array focused ultrasound transducers using realistic 3D in-silico trabecular skull models: A numerical study.

Ultrasonics·2025
Same author

Potential evidence of reengagement attempts following interruptions of a triadic social game in bonobos and chimpanzees.

PloS one·2025
Same author

Interpersonal Physiological Synchrony During Dyadic Joint Action Is Increased by Task Novelty and Reduced by Social Anxiety.

Psychophysiology·2025

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 2, 2026

How to Create and Use Binocular Rivalry
14:34

How to Create and Use Binocular Rivalry

Published on: November 10, 2010

76.5K

Gibbons exploit information about what a competitor can see.

Alejandro Sánchez-Amaro1, Jingzhi Tan2, Stephan P Kaufhold3

  • 1Department of Cognitive Science, University of California San Diego, San Diego, USA. a5sanchezamaro@ucsd.edu.

Animal Cognition
|November 30, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Gibbons understand what others see, using body and head cues to get food. This suggests primates share this visual understanding through common ancestry, not separate evolution.

Keywords:
AttentionGibbonHylobatidaePerspective takingSocial cognitionSocial intelligence hypothesis

More Related Videos

Using Rapid Serial Visual Presentation to Measure Set-Specific Capture, a Consequence of Distraction While Multitasking
05:58

Using Rapid Serial Visual Presentation to Measure Set-Specific Capture, a Consequence of Distraction While Multitasking

Published on: August 29, 2018

9.2K
Design and Use of an Apparatus for Presenting Graspable Objects in 3D Workspace
09:11

Design and Use of an Apparatus for Presenting Graspable Objects in 3D Workspace

Published on: August 8, 2019

6.0K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jan 2, 2026

How to Create and Use Binocular Rivalry
14:34

How to Create and Use Binocular Rivalry

Published on: November 10, 2010

76.5K
Using Rapid Serial Visual Presentation to Measure Set-Specific Capture, a Consequence of Distraction While Multitasking
05:58

Using Rapid Serial Visual Presentation to Measure Set-Specific Capture, a Consequence of Distraction While Multitasking

Published on: August 29, 2018

9.2K
Design and Use of an Apparatus for Presenting Graspable Objects in 3D Workspace
09:11

Design and Use of an Apparatus for Presenting Graspable Objects in 3D Workspace

Published on: August 8, 2019

6.0K

Area of Science:

  • Comparative cognition
  • Primate behavior
  • Evolutionary psychology

Background:

  • Understanding visual perception in nonhuman animals is key to comparative cognition research.
  • Many primates detect cues about others' visual awareness, but the evolutionary origin is debated.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate visual perspective-taking in gibbons, a less-studied ape species.
  • To determine if gibbons' sensitivity to visual cues supports shared primate ancestry or convergent evolution.

Main Methods:

  • Two food-competition tasks were designed for eastern hoolock gibbons and silvery gibbons.
  • Subjects chose between contested (visible to competitor) and uncontested food (visible only to subject).
  • Competitor's body and head orientation, and eye state, were manipulated.

Main Results:

  • Gibbons successfully obtained uncontested food when the competitor oriented away (body or head).
  • Competitor's eye state (open/closed) did not affect gibbon behavior.
  • Gibbons' performance matched that of chimpanzees, macaques, and lemurs.

Conclusions:

  • Gibbons demonstrate sensitivity to body and head orientation cues in a competitive context.
  • Findings support the continuity hypothesis, suggesting shared primate descent for visual cue sensitivity.
  • This sensitivity evolved prior to the divergence of gibbons and other apes.