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Related Concept Videos

Plasmids01:28

Plasmids

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Plasmids are extrachromosomal DNA molecules found in bacteria, archaea, and some eukaryotic microbes like yeast. These small, circular DNA structures typically contain fewer than 30 genes, although some may exist linearly. Plasmids vary in their number within a cell, known as copy number. Single-copy plasmids are present in one copy per cell and multi-copy plasmids are present in multiple copies, reaching over 100 copies per cell.Plasmids usually replicate independently of the chromosomal DNA...
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Crossing Over01:30

Crossing Over

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Crossing over is the exchange of genetic information between homologous chromosomes during prophase I of meiosis I. Genetic recombination gives rise to allelic diversity in the newly formed daughter cells. In humans, crossing over produces genetically distinct haploid egg and sperm cells that undergo fertilization to produce unique offspring. Before cell division starts, the germ cell’s chromosome(s) undergo duplication in the S phase of the cell cycle. As the cells enter prophase I,...
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Crossing Over01:34

Crossing Over

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Unlike mitosis, meiosis aims for genetic diversity in its creation of haploid gametes. Dividing germ cells first begin this process in prophase I, where each chromosome—replicated in S phase—is now composed of two sister chromatids (identical copies) joined centrally.
The homologous pairs of sister chromosomes—one from the maternal and one from the paternal genome—then begin to align alongside each other lengthwise, matching corresponding DNA positions in a process...
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Mechanism of Conjugation01:19

Mechanism of Conjugation

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Bacterial conjugation is a mechanism of horizontal gene transfer that enables the exchange of genetic material between bacterial cells through direct contact. This process is facilitated by a donor cell carrying a conjugative plasmid, which encodes genes necessary for pilus formation, DNA replication, and transfer. The conjugative plasmid plays a central role in initiating and executing the transfer of genetic material.The tra region of the conjugative plasmid encodes proteins responsible for...
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Conjugation01:19

Conjugation

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Conjugation is a form of horizontal gene transfer that primarily occurs in bacteria and some archaea, promoting genetic diversity and adaptation. Bacteria can acquire resistance genes through conjugative plasmids, allowing them to survive antibiotic treatments that would otherwise be lethal. This process involves direct contact between cells through specialized structures such as the sex pilus and is mediated by conjugative plasmids, including the F (fertility) factor.Conjugation requires...
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Conservative Site-specific Recombination and Phase Variation02:53

Conservative Site-specific Recombination and Phase Variation

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Because the DNA segments are cut and reorganized in a direction-specific manner, site-specific recombination has emerged as an efficient genetic engineering technique. Flippase and Cyclization recombinases or Flp and Cre, respectively, are two members of the tyrosine recombinase family derived from bacteriophages, that are used to mediate site-specific DNA insertions, deletions, and targeted expression of proteins in mammalian cell lines.
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Plasmid-chromosome cross-talks.

Ludovic Vial1,2,3,4, Florence Hommais1,2,5

  • 1Université de Lyon, 69622, Lyon, France.

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Plasmids impact bacterial chromosomes by inducing adaptive mutations and altering gene expression. This study details how plasmids, through specific regulators, control chromosomal functions, revealing a complex regulatory network.

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Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Genetics
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Plasmids provide bacteria with advantageous traits but incur a carriage cost.
  • The regulatory interactions between plasmids and bacterial chromosomes are complex and not fully understood.
  • While chromosomal control of plasmids is known, plasmid control over chromosomes is less explored.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the plasmid-chromosome cross-talk from the plasmid's perspective.
  • To summarize known impacts of plasmid carriage on bacterial chromosomes.
  • To present mechanisms of chromosomal gene expression regulation by plasmids.

Main Methods:

  • Review and summarization of existing data on plasmid-chromosome interactions.
  • Analysis of adaptive mutations resulting from plasmid carriage.
  • Examination of regulatory elements encoded by plasmids that affect chromosomal genes.

Main Results:

  • Plasmids can induce chromosomal adaptive mutations and influence gene expression.
  • Loss or gain of plasmids alters bacterial adaptive traits.
  • Plasmid-encoded regulators, including H-NS-like proteins, Rap-Phr systems, transcription factors, and sRNAs, directly control chromosomal gene expression.

Conclusions:

  • Plasmids actively regulate their host bacterial chromosomes.
  • Understanding plasmid-mediated chromosomal regulation is crucial for comprehending bacterial adaptation and evolution.
  • This cross-talk involves diverse regulatory mechanisms, highlighting a sophisticated interplay between plasmids and their hosts.