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Related Concept Videos

Overview of Cell Death01:30

Overview of Cell Death

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Cell death is an essential process where the body gets rid of old or damaged cells. Cell proliferation and death need to be balanced, as an imbalance between the two may lead to cancer or autoimmune diseases.
Cell death was observed in the early 19th century, but there was no experimental evidence to prove it. In 1842, Carl Vogt first discovered cell death in a metamorphic toad; however, it was not termed ‘cell death.’ Scientists discovered different cell death pathways only in the...
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The Extrinsic Apoptotic Pathway01:17

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The extrinsic apoptotic pathway is initiated when extracellular death-inducing signals, such as specific cytokines, activate the death receptors expressed on the cell surface. The immune cells involved in this pathway are natural killer cells (NK cells) and cytotoxic T-lymphocytes. NK cells are critical in innate immune response, while cytotoxic T-lymphocytes are associated with adaptive immune response. These cells recognize specific receptors expressed on the altered cells and activate...
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Apoptosis01:30

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Apoptosis is a combination of two Greek words, 'apo' and 'ptosis,' meaning separation and falling off, respectively. Hippocrates used this word to describe gangrene, which was caused due to bandaging of fractured bones. Apoptosis was distinguished from necrosis in 1970 when John Kerr reported observations of morphological changes occurring during apoptosis. During one experiment, he observed that the disruption of blood supply to the liver tissue resulted in a size...
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Cells of the Innate Immune Response01:28

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The innate immune response is an immediate and non-specific response against pathogens, acting swiftly to prevent the spread of infections. The primary cells involved in this response are phagocytes and natural killer (NK) cells.
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Autophagic Cell Death01:18

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Christian de Duve discovered “autophagy,” a process in which cellular components are engulfed by membrane-bound organelles called autophagosomes. The autophagosomes then fuse with lysosomes to digest the enclosed contents. Autophagy is generally activated in cells to prevent cell death. However, cell death is triggered when the damage is beyond repair.
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Necrosis is considered as an “accidental” or unexpected form of cell death that ends in cell lysis. The first noticeable mention of “necrosis” was in 1859 when Rudolf Virchow used this term to describe advanced tissue breakdown in his compilation titled “Cell Pathology”.
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Use of LysoTracker to Detect Programmed Cell Death in Embryos and Differentiating Embryonic Stem Cells
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Nucleic Acid Sensors and Programmed Cell Death.

Jonathan Maelfait1, Layal Liverpool2, Jan Rehwinkel2

  • 1VIB Center for Inflammation Research, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium.

Journal of Molecular Biology
|December 2, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Nucleic acid sensors detect microbial DNA and RNA, triggering innate immunity and programmed cell death. This process, crucial for fighting infection, also impacts noninfectious diseases.

Keywords:
ApoptosisNecroptosisNucleic acid sensingPyroptosisType I interferon

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Cell Biology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Microbial nucleic acids activate innate immune responses via specific sensors.
  • Key sensors in mammalian cells include RIG-I, cGAS, and AIM2.
  • These sensors initiate signaling cascades leading to cytokine production and host defense.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current understanding of nucleic acid sensing and programmed cell death.
  • To explore the role of nucleic acid sensors in both infectious and noninfectious diseases.
  • To identify future research directions in this field.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of recent studies on nucleic acid sensing and cell death.
  • Analysis of signaling pathways activated by nucleic acid sensors.
  • Examination of the role of these pathways in various pathologies.

Main Results:

  • Nucleic acid sensors not only induce cytokine production but also programmed cell death (apoptosis, pyroptosis, necroptosis).
  • Programmed cell death eliminates infected cells, limiting pathogen replication and promoting inflammation.
  • Nucleic acid sensors can recognize endogenous nucleic acids, contributing to noninfectious diseases.

Conclusions:

  • The interplay between nucleic acid sensing and programmed cell death is a critical component of innate immunity.
  • Dysregulation of these pathways is implicated in various autoinflammatory and other noninfectious conditions.
  • Further research is needed to fully elucidate the complex roles and therapeutic potential of nucleic acid sensing and cell death pathways.