The mTOR pathway in reproduction: from gonadal function to developmental coordination.

Area of Science:

• Reproductive Biology
• Cellular Signaling
• Developmental Biology

Background:

• Reproduction relies on intricate processes from gamete quality to fetal development.
• The mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway integrates cellular functions responding to environmental cues vital for reproduction.
• mTOR signaling influences stem cell pluripotency and differentiation, impacting reproductive success.

Purpose of the Study:

• To review the role of the two mTOR complexes (mTORC1 and mTORC2) in reproduction.
• To summarize how mTOR integrates signaling pathways and senses environmental status for reproductive outcomes.
• To highlight mTOR's function in pluripotent stem cell biology and early embryonic development.

Main Methods:

• Literature review of studies on mTOR signaling in reproductive systems.
• Analysis of mTOR's involvement in gametogenesis, stem cell regulation, and placental function.
• Synthesis of findings on mTOR's role in cell quiescence, differentiation, and embryonic development.

Main Results:

• mTOR regulates spermatogonial stem cell and follicle identity and differentiation.
• The pathway prevents premature follicle exhaustion and controls the blood-testis barrier.
• mTOR influences stem cell pluripotency and differentiation, impacting embryonic diapause and implantation.

Conclusions:

• The mTOR pathway is a key regulator of reproductive processes, including gamete production and stem cell maintenance.
• mTOR signaling is essential for successful implantation and early placental development.
• Understanding mTOR's role provides insights into reproductive health and stem cell applications.