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Morphological comparison of genetically differentiated Polymorphus cf. minutus types.

Daniel Grabner1, Annemie Doliwa2, Jana Bulantová3

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Three genetic types of the bird parasite Polymorphus cf. minutus were identified by analyzing cystacanth morphology and hook measurements. PspT3 showed distinct features, suggesting it may be a non-indigenous parasite.

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Area of Science:

  • Parasitology
  • Zoology
  • Ecology

Background:

  • Acanthocephalans are parasitic worms with complex life cycles involving intermediate hosts like amphipods and definitive hosts such as birds.
  • Morphological and genetic variations within parasite species can impact their host specificity and geographic distribution.
  • Polymorphus cf. minutus is a known bird-infecting acanthocephalan found in various amphipod intermediate hosts.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analyze the morphology of three genetic types (PspT1, PspT2, PspT3) of Polymorphus cf. minutus.
  • To compare the performance and localization of these types in a domestic duck host.
  • To identify distinguishing morphological characteristics for differentiating these parasite types.

Main Methods:

  • Morphological analysis of cystacanth stages from infected amphipods (Gammarus spp., Echinogammarus spp.).
  • Laboratory infection experiments with domestic ducks to assess parasite recovery rates and localization.
  • Linear discriminant analysis using hook measurements, proboscis dimensions, and hook row characteristics.

Main Results:

  • Three distinct genetic types of Polymorphus cf. minutus (PspT1, PspT2, PspT3) were identified based on cystacanth morphology.
  • Recovery rates in ducks were 16% (PspT1), 23.8% (PspT2), and 25% (PspT3).
  • PspT3 differed significantly from PspT1 and PspT2, particularly in the number of longitudinal hook rows (mainly 14 vs. 16), suggesting it may be a distinct lineage or non-indigenous type.

Conclusions:

  • Morphological analysis of the cystacanth stage, particularly hook and proboscis measurements, can differentiate genetic types of Polymorphus cf. minutus.
  • PspT3 exhibits unique morphological traits, potentially indicating its introduction via specific amphipod hosts like Gammarus roeselii.
  • PspT2 may have been introduced to Central Europe with Echinogammarus spp., highlighting the role of intermediate host dispersal in parasite distribution.