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Postpartum Depression Screening and Referrals in Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and
Objectives:
To examine the relationships among participants' demographic, social, and health characteristics and positive screening scores for symptoms of postpartum depression (PPD); to examine the feasibility of referring to a case management program women with symptoms of PPD who are accessing Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) services; and to identify barriers to screening and treatment programs for women with symptoms of PPD.
Design:
Descriptive, cross-sectional study followed by a process evaluation.
Setting:
Two WIC clinics in a large southeastern U.S. city.
Participants:
One group (n = 302) included women with infants younger than 12 months who were screened for symptoms of PPD. The second group (n = 31) included case managers (n = 7), nutritionists (n = 12), advisory board members (n = 7), and student volunteers (n = 5) who participated in focus groups.
Methods:
We conducted an initial screening of women for symptoms of PPD using the two-item Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-2). Participants with scores of 2 or greater (n = 73) were asked to complete the nine-item PHQ (PHQ-9) and the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale. Participants were referred for case management services if they scored 10 or greater on the PHQ-9 or Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (n = 29) and agreed to the referral (n = 19). We transcribed and analyzed the qualitative data recorded during focus groups.
Results:
Participants with no health insurance and limited support in caring for their infants were more likely to report symptoms of PPD. Overall, 302 women were screened for PPD, indicating the feasibility of PPD screening in WIC clinics. Of the 19 participants referred to case management, 47% (n = 9) accessed care. The results of focus groups illuminated barriers to screening and treatment programs for women at the individual, local, and macrosystem levels.
Conclusion:
Our findings show the feasibility of PPD screening in WIC clinics. However, some participants did not receive mental health services after referral because of various barriers, which highlights the need to integrate mental health providers into WIC clinics.
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