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Related Concept Videos

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones01:20

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

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Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The...
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Functions of Thyroid Hormones01:18

Functions of Thyroid Hormones

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The thyroid hormone (TH) plays a pivotal role in the intricate orchestration of physiological processes, exerting profound effects on development, metabolism, and homeostasis throughout different life stages.
TH is indispensable for the normal development and maturation of the skeletal, muscular, and nervous systems during fetal and childhood growth. It facilitates bone mineral turnover and regulates protein synthesis in developing tissues, contributing significantly to overall growth and...
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The Thyroid Gland01:23

The Thyroid Gland

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The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
The follicles have a central cavity lined by simple cuboidal to squamous epithelial cells called follicular cells. These cells produce the glycoprotein...
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The Parathyroid Glands00:59

The Parathyroid Glands

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The two pairs of parathyroid glands embedded within the posterior surface of the thyroid gland are restricted by a dense capsule around them. These glands comprise two distinct cell populations—parathyroid oxyphil and parathyroid principal cells- pivotal in calcium homeostasis.
Oxyphil cells, whose functions remain elusive, emerge during late puberty, adding a layer of complexity to the parathyroid gland's intricacies. In contrast, principal parathyroid cells undertake a vital role by...
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Hormones and Bone Tissue01:17

Hormones and Bone Tissue

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The endocrine system produces and secretes hormones, which interact with the skeletal system. These hormones control bone growth, maintain bone once it is formed, and remodel it.
Hormones That Influence Osteoblasts and/or Maintain the Matrix
Several hormones are necessary for controlling bone growth and maintaining the bone matrix. The pituitary gland secretes growth hormone (GH), which, as its name implies, controls bone growth. This happens in several ways: first, it triggers chondrocyte...
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Transducer Mechanism: Enzyme-Linked Receptors01:27

Transducer Mechanism: Enzyme-Linked Receptors

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Enzyme-linked receptors are cell-surface receptors acting as an enzyme or associating with an enzyme intracellularly. They make excellent drug targets. Drugs can bind to the extracellular ligand-binding domain or directly affect their enzymatic domain and alter their activity.
Major types that are helpful drug targets include:
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 2, 2026

Generation of Hypoparathyroid Rats via Carbon-Nanoparticle-Assisted Parathyroidectomy
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GPER1 in the thyroid: A systematic review.

Patrícia de Araujo Manfroi1, Ana Paula Santin Bertoni2, Tania Weber Furlanetto3

  • 1Postgraduate Program in Medicine: Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.

Life Sciences
|December 3, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Thyroid cancer is rising, particularly in women. Research suggests the G protein-coupled estrogen receptor (GPER1) may drive thyroid cancer cell growth, though more studies are needed.

Keywords:
GPERGPER1GPR30ThyroidThyroid cancer

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Establishment of a Simple and Effective Rat Model for Intraoperative Parathyroid Gland Imaging
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Author Spotlight: In Vivo Assessment of Thyroid Hormone Disruption Using the THAI Mouse Model
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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Oncology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Thyroid cancer incidence is increasing, disproportionately affecting women.
  • 17-β-estradiol (E2) exhibits proliferative effects on thyroid cells, suggesting a potential role for the G protein-coupled estrogen receptor (GPER1).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To comprehensively evaluate existing data on GPER1 expression and function within the thyroid gland.
  • To investigate the potential involvement of GPER1 in thyroid cancer pathogenesis.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic literature search of PubMed, Scielo, and Cochrane Library databases (inception–June 2019) using keywords related to GPER1 and thyroid.
  • Inclusion of eight studies analyzing GPER1 in human thyroid tissue, cell lines, and disease samples.

Main Results:

  • GPER1 gene and protein expression were detected in multiple studies, with variable results.
  • 17-β-estradiol (E2) induced proliferation in thyroid cancer cell lines, with evidence suggesting GPER1 mediation.
  • GPER1 was localized to both the cell membrane and cytoplasm in different studies.

Conclusions:

  • Limited studies and methodological variations hinder definitive conclusions on GPER1's role in the thyroid.
  • Preliminary evidence suggests GPER1 may contribute to thyroid cancer cell proliferation.