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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 2, 2026

A Three-Dimensional Spheroid Model to Investigate the Tumor-Stromal Interaction in Hepatocellular Carcinoma
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Tumour evolution in hepatocellular carcinoma.

Amanda J Craig1, Johann von Felden1,2, Teresa Garcia-Lezana1

  • 1Division of Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Liver Cancer Program, Tisch Cancer Institute, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.

Nature Reviews. Gastroenterology & Hepatology
|December 4, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is aggressive liver cancer with molecular heterogeneity. Understanding tumor evolution and the tumor microenvironment is key to improving HCC treatment and overcoming therapy resistance.

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Genetics
  • Cancer Biology

Background:

  • Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a primary liver cancer often developing in patients with chronic liver disease.
  • HCC is characterized by aggressive behavior and a poor prognosis.
  • Tumor molecular heterogeneity is observed in a subset of HCC patients.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the evolutionary dynamics of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).
  • To understand the contribution of the tumor microenvironment to HCC evolution.
  • To identify how HCC evolution influences resistance to systemic therapies.

Main Methods:

  • Next-generation sequencing of multiple tumor regions.
  • Analysis of genetic alterations in HCC.
  • Investigating the role of nonmalignant cells in tumor evolution.

Main Results:

  • Studies reveal diverse patterns of HCC evolution.
  • Significant molecular heterogeneity exists within HCC tumors.
  • Nonmalignant cells within the tumor microenvironment play a role in cancer evolution.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding HCC evolution and microenvironment dynamics is crucial for improving patient treatment.
  • Elucidating these processes may help overcome resistance to systemic therapies.
  • Minimally invasive techniques like liquid biopsies show promise for tracking HCC evolution and guiding real-time molecular monitoring.