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Related Concept Videos

Inflammatory Response01:28

Inflammatory Response

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An inflammatory response is a localized, nonspecific immune reaction that occurs when a tissue is injured. It is characterized by redness, swelling, heat, and pain, which are commonly called the cardinal signs and symptoms of inflammation. Inflammation can sometimes result in a loss of function.
Inflammation can be triggered by various stimuli, such as impact, abrasion, chemical irritation, infections, and extreme hot or cold temperatures. These can damage cells and connective tissue fibers,...
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T Cell Types and Functions01:24

T Cell Types and Functions

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When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
Th1 cells stimulate dendritic cells to express necessary co-stimulatory molecules on their surfaces for...
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Drugs for Treatment of Crohn's Disease in IBD Using Biologic Agents: Anti-TNF01:24

Drugs for Treatment of Crohn's Disease in IBD Using Biologic Agents: Anti-TNF

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Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF), a proinflammatory cytokine, contributes significantly to the inflammation seen in Crohn's disease. It exists as soluble TNF and membrane-bound TNF, with actions mediated through TNF receptors (TNFR). TNFR activation leads to the release of proinflammatory cytokines, T-cell activation, collagen production, and leukocyte migration, all contributing to inflammation in Crohn's disease. Anti-TNF monoclonal antibodies, namely infliximab (Remicade), adalimumab...
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Inflammatory Response I: Vascular and Cellular01:30

Inflammatory Response I: Vascular and Cellular

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The inflammatory response is the body's defense against infection, injury, or irritation from bacteria, trauma, toxins, or heat. Inflammation helps locate and destroy pathogens and remove damaged tissue elements to heal the body. During this initial phase, fluid, blood products, and nutrients migrate to the injured area, resulting in redness, heat, swelling, ache, and loss of function. Moreover, signs of systemic inflammation include fever, increased WBC count, malaise, anorexia, nausea,...
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The JAK-STAT Signaling Pathway01:20

The JAK-STAT Signaling Pathway

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Several cytokine receptors have tightly bound Janus kinase or JAK proteins attached at their cytosolic tail. Small signaling molecules such as cytokines, growth hormones, or prolactins bind to the cytokine receptors and initiate their dimerization. The dimerization brings the cytosolic JAKs together that trans-phosphorylate and activates each other. The activated JAKs now phosphorylate cytosolic tails of the cytokine receptors, which serve as binding sites for adaptor proteins such as  SH2...
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Inflammatory Response II: Inflammatory Exudate and Tissue Repair01:24

Inflammatory Response II: Inflammatory Exudate and Tissue Repair

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The immune system's inflammatory response destroys the invading pathogen, permitting the tissue to heal. The changes during the cellular and vascular stages allow exudate formation at the site of inflammation. The inflammatory exudate released from the wound has high protein content and a specific gravity above 1.020.
The typical wound exudate is odorless, transparent, straw-colored, thin, and watery. Exudate, however, can differ depending on the state of wound healing. Likewise, the...
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Cytokines in Inflammatory Disease.

Shinwan Kany1,2, Jan Tilmann Vollrath3, Borna Relja1

  • 1Experimental Radiology, Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany.

International Journal of Molecular Sciences
|December 5, 2019
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This review explores key inflammatory cytokines, including interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha, highlighting their roles in diseases. Understanding these cytokine biomarkers is crucial for disease monitoring and therapeutic strategies.

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Inflammatory cytokines play significant roles in various diseases.
  • Their specific functions and contributions to disease pathogenesis are not always consistent.
  • Cytokines are potential biomarkers for disease monitoring and therapeutic targets.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the biology of specific inflammatory cytokines: interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1, IL-33, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), IL-10, and IL-8.
  • To discuss the correlations and roles of these cytokines in inflammatory conditions.
  • To provide a concise overview of their involvement in shock, trauma, immune dysregulation, osteoporosis, and critical illness.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of existing studies on inflammatory cytokines.
  • Focus on the biological mechanisms of selected interleukins and TNF-α.
  • Analysis of the role of these mediators in the genesis of inflammatory impacts.

Main Results:

  • Inflammatory cytokines like IL-6, IL-1, IL-33, TNF-α, IL-10, and IL-8 are implicated in numerous inflammatory diseases.
  • These cytokines can serve as biomarkers for disease indication and progress monitoring.
  • Their precise roles in conditions such as shock, trauma, and critical illness require further elucidation.

Conclusions:

  • Selected inflammatory cytokines are critical mediators in diverse pathological conditions.
  • Further research is needed to clarify the precise roles of these cytokines.
  • Understanding cytokine biology is essential for developing effective diagnostic and therapeutic strategies.