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Secretory RING finger proteins function as effectors in a grapevine galling insect.

Chaoyang Zhao1, Claude Rispe2, Paul D Nabity3

  • 1Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA.

BMC Genomics
|December 5, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Gall-forming insects like Daktulosphaira vitifoliae utilize novel RING-type E3 ligases (SPRINGs) to manipulate plant development. These insect proteins target plant processes, reprogramming host immunity and cell division to favor insect survival and gall formation.

Keywords:
E3 ligaseGall formationGrape phylloxeraHerbivoreProteasome

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Area of Science:

  • Plant-insect interactions
  • Molecular biology
  • Evolutionary genetics

Background:

  • Eukaryotes share conserved proteasome-regulated networks crucial for growth and stress response.
  • RING-type E3 ligases, part of the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS), are versatile regulators in plants.
  • Insects often exploit the UPS, but mechanisms of insect-driven plant phenotype modification are poorly understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Investigate how insects, specifically Daktulosphaira vitifoliae, modify plant networks using RING-type E3 ligases.
  • Identify and characterize insect-specific RING-type E3 ligases involved in host manipulation.
  • Determine the functional interactions of these insect proteins with plant targets.

Main Methods:

  • Transcriptome sequencing and genome annotation of Daktulosphaira vitifoliae.
  • Phylogenetic analysis of identified RING-type E3 ligases.
  • Yeast two-hybrid assays to test protein-protein interactions between insect SPRINGs and grapevine proteins.

Main Results:

  • Identified 138 putatively secretory protein RING-type (SPRINGs) E3 ligases in D. vitifoliae, showing rapid evolution.
  • SPRINGs exhibited higher expression during the insect feeding stage compared to the non-feeding egg stage.
  • An insect SPRING interacted with grapevine cellulose synthase (CSLD5) and ribosomal protein (RPS4B), indicating host reprogramming.

Conclusions:

  • D. vitifoliae SPRINGs represent a novel, expanded gene family evolved for Vitis host interaction.
  • Gall-forming insects appear to manipulate plant development by targeting the ubiquitin-proteasome system.
  • These findings reveal a pattern of insect-driven plant gall formation through UPS manipulation.