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Work Values in the United States: Age, Period, and Generational Differences
Arne L Kalleberg1, Peter V Marsden2
1University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.
The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science
|December 5, 2019
Summary
Historical changes, not generational shifts, most influence American work values. Recent trends show increased importance on job security, income, and advancement, reflecting growing difficulty in attaining these rewards.
Area of Science:
- Sociology
- Economics
- Psychology
Background:
- Work values are shaped by individual and societal factors.
- Understanding temporal shifts in work values is crucial for workforce analysis.
Purpose of the Study:
- To investigate the influence of aging, generational changes, and historical time on work values in the U.S.
- To identify the primary drivers of temporal variations in job preferences.
Main Methods:
- Analysis of data from the General Social Surveys (GSS) and the International Social Survey Program (ISSP).
- Statistical examination of work values across different age groups, generations, and historical periods.
Main Results:
- Historical time periods are the most significant factor influencing work values.
- Recent periods show a heightened emphasis on job security, high income, and advancement opportunities.
- Aging and life course processes, particularly mid-life, influence the valuation of income due to family responsibilities.
- Few differences in work values were observed among different generations or cohorts.
- Individuals from less advantaged backgrounds or with greater labor market resources prioritize economic rewards.
Conclusions:
- Temporal shifts in the U.S. labor market, rather than generational differences, are key drivers of changing work values.
- The increasing importance of economic job rewards reflects their growing unattainability.
- Life course factors, such as mid-life family obligations, also shape work value priorities.
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