Evaluation of emissions and exposures at workplaces using desktop 3-dimensional printer

Area of Science:

• Occupational Health and Safety
• Environmental Science
• Materials Science and Engineering

Background:

• Limited data exists on additive manufacturing emissions and occupational exposures in real-world settings.
• Desktop 3-D printers, including fused filament fabrication (FFF) and sheet types, are increasingly used in various workplaces.

Purpose of the Study:

• To evaluate airborne emissions and personal exposures from desktop 3-D printers in operational environments.
• To assess the effectiveness of a custom-built ventilated enclosure in mitigating these emissions.

Main Methods:

• Real-time monitoring of particle size, number concentration, and total volatile organic compounds (VOCs).
• Time-integrated sampling for off-line analysis of airborne particles and VOCs.
• Personal exposure monitoring in the operator's breathing zone for metals and VOCs.

Main Results:

• All monitored 3-D printers released ultrafine and fine particles and organic vapors.
• Particle emission rates varied widely, influenced by printer design, operation, and feedstock.
• A ventilated enclosure reduced particle concentration by 99.7% and total organic chemicals by 53.2%.

Conclusions:

• Desktop 3-D printing processes release airborne contaminants.
• Engineering controls, such as ventilated enclosures, can effectively reduce emissions.
• Further research is essential to fully understand 3-D printer emissions, occupational exposures, and control efficacy.