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Related Concept Videos

The Thyroid Gland01:23

The Thyroid Gland

6.5K
The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
The follicles have a central cavity lined by simple cuboidal to squamous epithelial cells called follicular cells. These cells produce the glycoprotein...
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Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones01:20

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

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Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 2, 2026

Computer-Aided Three-Dimensional Visualization in the Treatment of Locally Advanced Thyroid Cancer
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Computer-Aided Three-Dimensional Visualization in the Treatment of Locally Advanced Thyroid Cancer

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Hyperfunctioning thyroid carcinoma: A systematic review.

Jun Liu1,2, Ye Wang1,2, Dongzhu Da1

  • 1Department of Breast-Thyroid Surgery, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 201620, P.R. China.

Molecular and Clinical Oncology
|December 5, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Hyperfunctioning thyroid carcinoma, often follicular type, presents as larger tumors and widespread metastases. Surgery is primary for localized cancer, while radioactive iodine treats metastatic disease effectively.

Keywords:
hyperfunctioning thyroid carcinomahyperthyroidismmalignant hot thyroid nodulemetastasisthyroid carcinoma

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Oncology
  • Nuclear Medicine

Background:

  • Hyperthyroidism can stem from primary or metastatic thyroid cancer.
  • Hyperfunctioning thyroid carcinomas require specific diagnostic and treatment approaches.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analyze pathological characteristics, diagnostic procedures, and treatment strategies for hyperfunctioning thyroid carcinoma.
  • To review recently reported cases of this rare condition.

Main Methods:

  • PubMed search for studies published between January 1990 and July 2017.
  • Inclusion of original research, case reports, and review articles using specific search terms.
  • Analysis of pathological features, diagnostic criteria, and treatment outcomes.

Main Results:

  • Follicular thyroid carcinoma (FTC) is more prevalent in hyperfunctioning cases (46.5% primary, 71.4% metastatic) than in general thyroid carcinoma (~10%).
  • Hyperfunctioning tumors are significantly larger (mean 4.25±2.12 cm) and metastases are widespread or large.
  • Diagnostic criteria include lack of thyrotoxicosis improvement post-RAI, specific ultrasound findings, rapid tumor growth, fixation, and invasion.

Conclusions:

  • Surgery is the primary treatment for primary hyperfunctioning thyroid carcinoma, offering diagnosis, thyrotoxicosis resolution, and cancer cure.
  • Radioactive iodine (RAI) is effective for managing metastatic hyperfunctioning thyroid carcinoma.
  • Early diagnosis and tailored treatment are crucial for managing hyperthyroidism caused by thyroid cancer.