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Neutrophils in Nail Clipping Histology: A Retrospective Review of 112 Cases
José Miguel Neves1, Nélia Cunha1, Alexandre João1
1Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Hospital de Santo António dos Capuchos, Centro Hospitalar Universitário de Lisboa Central, Lisbon, Portugal.
Background:
Nail clipping histology is more sensitive than mycology for detecting nail fungi. However, in the absence of fungi, established diagnostic clues for this and other nail dystrophy causes are lacking, namely for nail psoriasis. Neutrophils have been reported in onychomycosis and nail psoriasis samples but have been insufficiently characterized.
Objectives:
The aim of this paper is to differentiate neutrophil-containing nail clipping samples in nail psoriasis and onychomycosis regarding histology.
Methods:
We performed a 3-year retrospective review of all nail clipping test results included in our department's database and re-analyzed samples containing neutrophils.
Results:
In total,112 neutrophil-containing nail clipping samples were accounted. Onychomycosis was the commonest diagnosis (74.1%), followed by nail psoriasis (18.8%). Onychomycosis samples had more abundant neutrophils, more often arranged in collections (60.2%) (p = 0.002) and with smaller quantities of parakeratosis, in a lamellar distribution. In nail psoriasis, neutrophils were mostly aggregated (57.1%) with parakeratosis in all samples, in increased amounts, and showing no predominant pattern.
Conclusions:
Neutrophils are present in both nail psoriasis and onychomycosis, warranting careful interpretation. However, less dense aggregates of neutrophils with more abundant parakeratosis are clues of nail psoriasis when all other fungal tests are negative.