The ontogeny of murine B-1a cells

It has been over 35 years since the discovery of a special subtype of B cells in mice. These IgM⁺ B cells are named B-1 cells, whereas conventional B cells are referred to as B-2 cells. B-1 cells express Ly-1 (CD5) and CD11b antigen, which are usually expressed in T cells and myeloid cells, respectively, reside mainly in the peritoneal and pleural cavities, and secrete natural IgM antibodies in a T cell-independent manner. B-1 cells are further categorized into CD5⁺ B-1a cells and CD5^- B-1b cells. B-1 cells may develop through positive selection and secrete natural antibodies, including low-affinity-binding autoantibodies. Transplantation assays have revealed that the fetal liver, not the bone marrow (BM), is a major site for the production of B-1a cells, leading to the concept of a fetal origin for B-1a cells. This review introduces how the origin of B-1a cells has been explored, and describes the current state of knowledge gained through various approaches.