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Hydraulic-Head Formulation for Density-Dependent Flow and Transport.

Christian D Langevin, Sorab Panday1,2, Alden M Provost3

  • 1GSI Environmental Inc.626 Grant St., Ste. C, Herndon, VA, 20170.

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A new hydraulic head formulation simplifies density-driven groundwater flow simulations. This approach aids in adapting existing codes for saltwater intrusion and fluid injection studies.

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Area of Science:

  • Hydrogeology
  • Computational Fluid Dynamics
  • Environmental Engineering

Background:

  • Groundwater flow equations often use pressure or freshwater head, complicating density-driven flow analysis.
  • Existing models typically require conversions between freshwater head and hydraulic head for density variations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To present an alternative formulation of the groundwater flow equation using hydraulic head.
  • To simplify the incorporation of density-dependent flow into existing groundwater models.

Main Methods:

  • Developed a hydraulic head formulation for the groundwater flow equation.
  • Implemented the formulation within the MODFLOW code.
  • Tested the formulation with four example problems involving density-driven flow.

Main Results:

  • The hydraulic head formulation facilitates adaptation of constant-density codes for density-driven flow.
  • Density-dependent terms are incorporated as a correction to existing calculations.
  • The formulation handles unconfined flow and Newton-Raphson schemes effectively.

Conclusions:

  • The hydraulic head formulation offers a more adaptable and computationally efficient approach for density-dependent groundwater flow.
  • This method enhances the study of phenomena like saltwater intrusion and fluid injection.