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Related Concept Videos

Targeted Cancer Therapies02:57

Targeted Cancer Therapies

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The targeted cancer therapies, also known as “molecular targeted therapies,” take advantage of the molecular and genetic differences between the cancer cells and the normal cells. It needs a thorough understanding of the cancer cells to develop drugs that can target specific molecular aspects that drive the growth, progression, and spread of cancer cells without affecting the growth and survival of other normal cells in the body.
There are several types of targeted therapies against...
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Combination Therapies and Personalized Medicine02:50

Combination Therapies and Personalized Medicine

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Combining two or more treatment methods increases the life span of cancer patients while reducing damage to vital organs or tissue from the overuse of a single treatment. Combination therapy also targets different cancer-inducing pathways, thus reducing the chances of developing resistance to treatment.
The combination of the drug acetazolamide and sulforaphane is a good example of combination therapy to treat cancer. The cells in the interior of a large tumor often die due to the hypoxic and...
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Tumor Immunotherapy01:27

Tumor Immunotherapy

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Immunotherapy is a treatment that boosts or manipulates the immune system to fight diseases, including cancer. For instance, by stimulating an immune response through vaccinations against viruses that cause cancers, like hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus, these diseases can be prevented. Nonetheless, some cancer cells can avoid the immune system due to their rapid mutation and division. The immune response to many cancers involves three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.
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Cancer02:18

Cancer

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Cancers arise due to mutations in genes involved in the regulation of cell division, which leads to unrestricted cell proliferation. Modern science and medicine have made great strides in the understanding and treatment of cancer, including eradicating cancer in some patients. However, there is still no cure for cancer. This is largely due to the fact that cancer is a large group of many diseases.
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Cancer Therapies02:49

Cancer Therapies

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Cancer therapies are various modes of treatment, such as surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy that are administered to cancer patients.
However, cancer treatments can pose several challenges, as therapies used to kill cancer cells are generally also toxic to normal cells. Moreover, cancer cells mutate rapidly and can develop resistance to chemical agents or radiation therapy. Besides, all types of cancer cells may not respond to the same therapy. Some cancer cells respond to one...
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Treatment Resistant Cancers02:56

Treatment Resistant Cancers

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Cancer is the second leading cause of death in the United States. A cancer cell is genetically unstable and hence can mutate faster. They can also modify their microenvironment and escape immune surveillance. The difficulties in treating cancer are further compounded by the emergence of rapid resistance to anticancer drugs. The most common ways to attain resistance in cancer cells include alteration in drug transport and metabolism, modification of drug target, elevated DNA damage response, or...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 2, 2026

A Flow Cytometry-Based Cell Surface Protein Binding Assay for Assessing Selectivity and Specificity of an Anticancer Aptamer
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A Flow Cytometry-Based Cell Surface Protein Binding Assay for Assessing Selectivity and Specificity of an Anticancer Aptamer

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Smart Targeting To Improve Cancer Therapeutics.

Moraima Morales-Cruz1, Yamixa Delgado2, Betzaida Castillo3

  • 1Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico, Río Piedras Campus, San Juan, PR, USA.

Drug Design, Development and Therapy
|December 6, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Developing smart drug delivery systems is crucial for improving cancer treatment efficacy, especially for solid tumors. Combining passive, active, and stimulus-responsive targeting strategies enhances drug accumulation and therapeutic outcomes.

Keywords:
EPR effectactive targetingdrug delivery systemsnanoparticlespassive targetingstimulus-responsive targeting

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Area of Science:

  • Biotechnology and Medicine
  • Nanotechnology in Oncology

Background:

  • Cancer remains a leading global cause of death, with increasing incidence projected.
  • Current cancer therapies, particularly for late-stage solid tumors, face significant limitations.
  • There is a critical need for advanced, synergistic therapeutic strategies combining effective drugs and delivery systems.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the impact of passive targeting, active targeting, and stimulus-responsive strategies in drug delivery systems for cancer.
  • To explore how combining these targeting strategies can enhance therapeutic efficacy.
  • To discuss biological barriers and targeting mechanisms for nanoparticles in cancer treatment.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current cancer therapies and their limitations.
  • Description of biological barriers encountered by nanoparticles.
  • Analysis of various drug delivery systems, including nanoparticle-based therapeutics, PEGylated drugs, and active targeting ligands.
  • Discussion of stimulus-responsive drug release mechanisms.

Main Results:

  • Smart drug delivery systems utilizing passive, active, and/or stimulus-responsive strategies show promise for improving drug accumulation in tumors.
  • Active targeting mechanisms leverage cancer cell membrane targets to enhance cellular drug uptake.
  • Stimulus-responsive systems enable drug release based on specific intra- and extracellular conditions.

Conclusions:

  • Combining multiple targeting strategies (passive, active, stimulus-responsive) is effective in enhancing cancer therapy.
  • Nanoparticle-based drug delivery systems offer potential for improved cancer treatment efficacy.
  • Overcoming limitations such as ligand occlusion remains a key challenge for these advanced therapeutic approaches.