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The glandular epithelium is made of one or more epithelial cells modified to synthesize and secrete chemical substances. Glandular epithelia can be classified based on cell number. Unicellular glands have individual secretory cells scattered across the epithelial monolayer. In contrast, multicellular glands consist of a hollow tubular duct attached to the cluster of secretory cells located in the deep pockets.
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Epithelial tissues are classified according to the shape of the cells and the number of cell layers formed. Cell shapes can be squamous (flattened and thin), cuboidal (square-like, as wide as it is tall), or columnar (rectangular, taller than it is wide). Additionally, the nucleus shape helps identify the type of epithelial cells. Squamous cells have flattened disc-shaped nuclei, cuboidal cells have spherical nuclei, and columnar cells have elongated nuclei.
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When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
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Stratified epithelium consists of several stacked layers of cells. They provide the durability to withstand constant physical and chemical attacks. Stratified epithelium is named after the shape of the most apical layer of cells. Stratified squamous epithelium is the most common type found in the human body. In this tissue, the apical cells are squamous, whereas the basal layer contains either columnar or cuboidal cells. The basal cells divide to form new daughter cells, which gradually become...
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Epithelial tissues are large sheets of cells covering all of the surfaces of the body. These surfaces can be internal or external, for example, skin, airways, the digestive tract, the urinary system, and the reproductive system. Hollow organs and body cavities that do not connect to the body's exterior, including blood vessels and serous membranes, are lined by epithelial tissue known as the endothelium.
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Updated: Jan 2, 2026

Isolation, Identification, and Purification of Murine Thymic Epithelial Cells
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Thymic epithelial cell heterogeneity: TEC by TEC.

Noam Kadouri1, Shir Nevo1, Yael Goldfarb1

  • 1Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.

Nature Reviews. Immunology
|December 6, 2019
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Thymic epithelial cells (TECs) orchestrate T cell development. Recent single-cell genomics reveals TECs are highly heterogeneous, comprising diverse subpopulations crucial for T cell repertoire generation.

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Developmental Biology
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • Thymic epithelial cells (TECs) are critical for T cell development in the thymus.
  • Historically, TECs were divided into medullary and cortical populations with distinct roles.
  • Emerging evidence indicates significant heterogeneity within TEC populations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent advances in understanding TEC heterogeneity.
  • To explore the molecular, functional, and developmental aspects of TEC subpopulations.
  • To highlight insights from single-cell genomics and in vivo fate mapping.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent scientific literature.
  • Analysis of single-cell genomic data.
  • In vivo fate mapping studies.

Main Results:

  • TECs exhibit extensive molecular and functional heterogeneity.
  • Identification of novel TEC subpopulations, including tuft cell-like and corneocyte-like phenotypes.
  • Single-cell technologies and fate mapping have provided key insights into TEC development and function.

Conclusions:

  • TEC heterogeneity is a fundamental aspect of T cell development.
  • Understanding diverse TEC subpopulations is crucial for comprehending T cell repertoire generation.
  • Future research should leverage advanced technologies to further elucidate TEC complexity.