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Related Concept Videos

Epigenetic Regulation01:37

Epigenetic Regulation

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Epigenetic changes alter the physical structure of the DNA without changing the genetic sequence and often regulate whether genes are turned on or off. This regulation ensures that each cell produces only proteins necessary for its function. For example, proteins that promote bone growth are not produced in muscle cells. Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in healthy development. Conversely, precisely regulated epigenetic mechanisms are disrupted in diseases like cancer.
X-chromosome...
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Epigenetic Regulation01:46

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Genomic Imprinting and Inheritance02:30

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Diploid organisms inherit genetic material through chromosomes from both parents. Copies of the same gene are known as alleles. In most cases, both alleles are simultaneously expressed and allow various cellular processes to function optimally. If one of the alleles is missing or mutated, the expression of the other allele can compensate; however, this is not true for all genes.
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Histone Modification02:32

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The histone proteins have a flexible N-terminal tail extending out from the nucleosome. These histone tails are often subjected to post-translational modifications such as acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination. Particular combinations of these modifications form “histone codes” that influence the chromatin folding and tissue-specific gene expression.
Acetylation
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Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells01:32

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Chromatin modification alters gene expression; therefore, scientists can add histone-modifying enzymes, histone variants, and chromatin remodeling complexes to somatic cells to aid reprogramming into pluripotent stem (iPS) cells.
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Repressing Gene Transcription by Redirecting Cellular Machinery with Chemical Epigenetic Modifiers
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Immunological Effects of Epigenetic Modifiers.

Lucillia Bezu1,2,3,4,5, Alejandra Wu Chuang2,3,4,5, Peng Liu3,4,5

  • 1Service anesthésie-réanimation, Hôpital européen Georges Pompidou, AP-HP, 75015 Paris, France.

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|December 7, 2019
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Summary

Epigenetic modifiers like DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) and histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors can enhance anticancer immunity. These epigenetic drugs can stimulate anti-tumor immune responses by releasing danger signals and re-activating tumor antigens.

Keywords:
cancerepigenetic modifiersimmunogenicity

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Immunology
  • Epigenetics

Background:

  • Epigenetic alterations, including histone acetylation and DNA methylation changes, are hallmarks of cancer.
  • These epigenetic dysregulations contribute to oncogenesis by affecting tumor suppressor genes and oncogenic pathways.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review how epigenetic modifiers can be utilized to stimulate anticancer immunity.
  • To explore the potential of epigenetic drugs as standalone or combination therapies for cancer immunotherapy.

Main Methods:

  • Review of literature on epigenetic alterations in cancer.
  • Analysis of the mechanisms by which epigenetic modifiers influence the tumor microenvironment and immune response.
  • Examination of the role of DNA methylation and chromatin interactions with proteins like HMGB1.

Main Results:

  • Pharmacological inhibitors of DNA methyltransferases (DNMT) and histone deacetylases (HDAC) can trigger anti-tumor immunity.
  • Epigenetic therapies can lead to the release of danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) from tumors.
  • These treatments can also re-activate the expression of tumor-associated antigens, enhancing immune recognition.

Conclusions:

  • Epigenetic modifiers represent a promising strategy for stimulating therapeutically relevant anticancer immunity.
  • Targeting epigenetic cancer hallmarks offers a novel approach for standalone or combination immunotherapies.
  • Modulating DNA methylation status can significantly impact chromatin interactions and bolster anti-tumor immune responses.