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Updated: Feb 10, 2026

An Electrophysiology Protocol to Measure Reward Anticipation and Processing in Children

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Published on: October 4, 2018

The odontoid process in children--is it hypoplastic?

¹Department of Radiology, City Hospital, Nottingham.

Clinical Radiology

|July 1, 1988

Summary

The odontoid process in children under 9 may not reach the atlas

Area of Science:

Pediatric Orthopedics
Developmental Anatomy

Background:

Normal cervical spine development is crucial for assessing pediatric spinal conditions.
Understanding the relationship between the odontoid process and the anterior atlas arch is key in pediatric diagnostics.

Purpose of the Study:

To establish normative data for the development of the odontoid process in children.
To analyze the relationship between the odontoid process and the anterior arch of the atlas in a pediatric cohort.
To inform the assessment of atlanto-axial instability in children, particularly those with Down's syndrome.

Main Methods:

Analysis of cervical spine data from 508 healthy children.
Age range: 3 to 18.9 years.
Focus on the odontoid process and anterior atlas arch morphology.

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Main Results:

Established normative developmental data for the odontoid process and its relationship with the anterior atlas arch.
Observed that in children under 9 years, the odontoid process tip may be significantly below the anterior atlas arch margin.
Highlighted variations in normal development that are critical for accurate instability assessment.

Conclusions:

The study provides essential normative data for pediatric cervical spine development.
Findings underscore the importance of age-specific reference ranges when evaluating atlanto-axial instability.
Recognizing normal developmental variations can prevent misdiagnosis of instability in children, including those with Down's syndrome.