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Related Concept Videos

Cells of the Adaptive Immune Response01:23

Cells of the Adaptive Immune Response

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The T and B lymphocytes of the adaptive immune system develop from common lymphoid progenitor cells in the bone marrow. These progenitors give rise to precursors that eventually develop into both T and B lymphocytes. As these precursors mature, they gain the ability to detect and respond to foreign antigens in the body, a process known as immunocompetence. Additionally, these precursors acquire self-tolerance, a process that ensures they do not react to self-antigens. This intricate system...
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Disorders of Leukocytes01:27

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Leukocyte disorders can lead to either leukopenia, characterized by an abnormally low leukocyte count, or leukocytosis, marked by a very high leukocyte number.
Leukopenia may result from bone marrow disorders, autoimmune diseases, and infectious diseases. For example, conditions such as multiple myeloma and aplastic anemia can impair the bone marrow's ability to produce adequate leukocytes. Similarly, autoimmune diseases like lupus and viral infections such as HIV can prompt the immune...
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T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

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T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
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B Cell Activation and Differentiation01:24

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The adaptive immune response, a sophisticated defense mechanism, relies on the activation and differentiation of B lymphocytes, or B cells. These processes enable our bodies to mount a tailored response against specific pathogens such as bacteria, free virus particles, toxins, and parasites.
When naive B cells encounter a specific antigen that can bind to the B cell receptor (BCR) on their surface, they undergo sensitization to respond to the antigen's presence. Sensitization begins with...
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Tumor Progression02:07

Tumor Progression

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Tumor progression is a phenomenon where the pre-formed tumor acquires successive mutations to become clinically more aggressive and malignant. In the 1950s, Foulds first described the stepwise progression of cancer cells through successive stages.
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Differentiation of Common Myeloid Progenitor Cells

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Common myeloid progenitors (CMPs) are oligopotent cells that can differentiate into granulocytes and macrophages. Granulocytes and macrophages are essential for protecting the body against bacterial, viral, or fungal infections. They migrate from the bone marrow into the circulating blood to reach specific tissue sites where they differentiate and help in immune surveillance. However, they survive only for a few days and must be continuously made available to the organism to maintain a robust...
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Related Experiment Video

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VDJ-Seq: Deep Sequencing Analysis of Rearranged Immunoglobulin Heavy Chain Gene to Reveal Clonal Evolution Patterns of B Cell Lymphoma
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Clonal dynamics in chronic lymphocytic leukemia.

Catherine Gutierrez1, Catherine J Wu1

  • 1Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; and Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA.

Hematology. American Society of Hematology. Education Program
|December 7, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Molecular heterogeneity in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) drives variable disease courses. Understanding genetic and epigenetic factors is key to improving targeted therapy and managing recurrence.

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From a 2DE-Gel Spot to Protein Function: Lesson Learned From HS1 in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia
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Area of Science:

  • Hematology
  • Oncology
  • Genomics

Background:

  • Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) exhibits significant patient-to-patient variability in disease progression.
  • Recent advances in targeted therapies (e.g., idelalisib, ibrutinib, venetoclax) have improved treatment but have not eliminated disease recurrence or persistence.

Observation:

  • Large-scale DNA sequencing studies reveal extensive molecular heterogeneity within CLL tumors, including subclonal populations.
  • These subclonal populations display diverse somatic mutations, varying responses to therapy, and distinct repopulation and growth patterns.

Findings:

  • Somatic mutations and molecular heterogeneity contribute to the variable clinical course of CLL.
  • Subclonal populations within CLL tumors exhibit differential responses to targeted agents.

Implications:

  • Understanding the interplay of genetic, epigenetic, and transcriptomic features is crucial for optimizing CLL treatment strategies.
  • Tailoring therapy selection and timing based on molecular profiling may improve outcomes and reduce disease recurrence in CLL patients.