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Bacterial Phylum Planctomycetes01:26

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Planctomycetes are a group of morphologically distinct bacteria predominantly classified into two orders: Planctomycetales and Brocadiales. These gram-negative bacteria exhibit unique features, including division by budding and the presence of stalks or appendages. Their cells are often found in rosette arrangements, and they are notable for possessing an S-layer in their cell envelope, which is relatively uncommon among bacteria. Additionally, Planctomycetes frequently exhibit intracellular...
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Bacterial cells were initially considered simple, randomly organized structures lacking a cytoskeleton. However, the discovery of cytoskeleton homologs in bacteria led to the change of this opinion. Bacterial cytoskeletal filaments regulate the cell shape, cell polarity, cell division, and partitioning of plasmids during cell division. It was later discovered that bacterial cytoskeletal proteins, mainly actin and tubulin homologs, are diverse compared to their eukaryotic counterparts. On the...
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Bacterial and archaeal cells exhibit remarkable diversity in shape and structure, critical in their adaptability and functionality. Among bacteria, the most commonly observed shapes include cocci and bacilli. Cocci are spherical and may exist singly or in groupings such as pairs (diplococci), chains (streptococci), clusters (staphylococci), or tetrads. Bacilli, in contrast, are rod-shaped and can also occur as single cells, in pairs, or chains, depending on their environmental and genetic...
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Paralogization and New Protein Architectures in Planctomycetes Bacteria with Complex Cell Structures.

Mayank Mahajan1, Benjamin Yee1, Emil Hägglund1

  • 1Molecular Evolution, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Science for Life Laboratory, Biomedical Centre, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.

Molecular Biology and Evolution
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Summary

Planctomycetes bacteria possess complex cell structures resembling eukaryotes. Genomic analysis reveals novel protein families and convergent evolution, blurring the lines between prokaryotes and eukaryotes.

Keywords:
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Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Genomics

Background:

  • Planctomycetes bacteria exhibit unique cellular complexity, including intracellular membranes, reminiscent of eukaryotic cells.
  • The evolutionary origins of these complex bacterial cell architectures remain a subject of debate.
  • Understanding the genomics of Planctomycetes can shed light on the evolution of cellular complexity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the evolutionary genomics of bacteria with complex cell architectures, specifically within the Planctomycetes phylum.
  • To analyze the genomes of Gemmata obscuriglobus, G. massiliana Soil9, CJuql4, and Tuwongella immobilis to understand gene flux and protein evolution.
  • To compare protein domain composition and length in Planctomycetes with other prokaryotes and eukaryotes.

Main Methods:

  • Whole-genome sequencing of four Planctomycetes species: Gemmata obscuriglobus, G. massiliana Soil9, CJuql4, and Tuwongella immobilis.
  • Gene flux analysis to identify the emergence of novel protein families within the Gemmataceae family.
  • Comparative analysis of protein domain architecture, length, and distribution profiles between Planctomycetes and other prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms.

Main Results:

  • Massive emergence of novel protein families was observed in the Gemmataceae family.
  • Expanded protein families contain unique multidomain architectures, combining prokaryotic and eukaryotic-associated domains.
  • Proteins in Gemmataceae are longer with longer linkers, suggesting ancestral presence in Planctomycetales.
  • Significant overlap exists between the longest prokaryotic proteins and shortest eukaryotic proteins.

Conclusions:

  • The similarities between Planctomycetes and eukaryotes are attributed to convergent evolution, not direct ancestry.
  • Genomic and protein analyses challenge a strict boundary between prokaryotes and eukaryotes regarding gene paralogy, protein length, and domain composition.
  • Planctomycetes provide a model for studying the evolution of complex cellular features and the continuum between prokaryotic and eukaryotic life.